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32.2 Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation – College Physics
Summary
Define various units of radiation.
Describe RBE.
We hear many seemingly contradictory things about the biological effects of ionizing radiation. It can cause cancer, burns, and hair loss, yet it is used to treat and even...
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32.4 Food Irradiation – College Physics
Summary
Define food irradiation low dose, and free radicals.
Ionizing radiation is widely used to sterilize medical supplies, such as bandages, and consumer products, such as tampons. Worldwide, it is also used to irradiate food, an...
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32.6 Fission – College Physics
Summary
Define nuclear fission.
Discuss how fission fuel reacts and describe what it produces.
Describe controlled and uncontrolled chain reactions.
Nuclear fission is a reaction in which a nucleus is split (or fissured). Controlled fission is a reality,...
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32.7 Nuclear Weapons – College Physics
Summary
Discuss different types of fission and thermonuclear bombs.
Explain the ill effects of nuclear explosion.
The world was in turmoil when fission was discovered in 1938. The discovery of fission, made by two German physicists, Otto...
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33.0 Introduction – College Physics
Chapter 33 Particle Physics
Chapter Summary
Explore the substructures of matter.
Define particle physics.
Following ideas remarkably similar to those of the ancient Greeks, we continue to look for smaller and smaller structures in nature, hoping ultimately to...
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33.1 The Yukawa Particle and the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle Revisited – College Physics
Summary
Define Yukawa particle.
State the Heisenberg uncertainty principle.
Describe pion.
Estimate the mass of a pion.
Explain meson.
Particle physics as we know it today began with the ideas of Hideki Yukawa in 1935. Physicists had long been concerned...
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33.2 The Four Basic Forces – College Physics
Summary
State the four basic forces.
Explain the Feynman diagram for the exchange of a virtual photon between two positive charges.
Define QED.
Describe the Feynman diagram for the exchange of a between a proton and a neutron.
As...
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33.3 Accelerators Create Matter from Energy – College Physics
Summary
State the principle of a cyclotron.
Explain the principle of a synchrotron.
Describe the voltage needed by an accelerator between accelerating tubes.
State Fermilab’s accelerator principle.
Before looking at all the particles we now know about, let us...