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Hugh Daniel: Difference between revisions

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Hugh Daniel: Difference between revisions

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==Interest in spaceflight==

==Interest in spaceflight==

{{More citations needed|section|small=yes|date=June 2014}}

{{More citations needed|section|small=yes|date=June 2014}}

Daniel’s spent time at the Lick Observatory and was influence early on by Star Trek, having a love of space, with his final resting place being onboard a Memorial Spaceflight.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hugh Daniel {{!}} Memorial Spaceflights |url=https://www.celestis.com/participants-testimonials/hugh-daniel/ |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=www.celestis.com}}</ref>

Daniel’s interest in spaceflight led him to work for [[Starstruck (company)|Starstruck]], which built three rockets and successfully launched one suborbitally.
Daniel’s interest in spaceflight led him to work for [[Starstruck (company)|Starstruck]], which built three rockets and successfully launched one .

His interest in space also lead to long discussions with [[Landon Curt Noll]] about [[Pluto]] research. Noll’s efforts managed to save the budget of the monitoring of [[Pioneer program|Pioneer]] and [[Voyager program|Voyager]] probes, as well as the [[New Horizons|New Horizon]]’s probe past Pluto. In thanks, Noll was allowed to write some bytes in the “filler” part of the [[Programmable read-only memory|PROM]] of New Horizon, including Daniel’s IRC handle: ”’||ugh”’.

His interest in space also lead to long discussions with [[Landon Curt Noll]] about [[Pluto]] research. Noll’s efforts managed to save the budget of the monitoring of [[Pioneer program|Pioneer]] and [[Voyager program|Voyager]] probes, as well as the [[New Horizons|New Horizon]]’s probe past Pluto. In thanks, Noll was allowed to write some bytes in the “filler” part of the [[Programmable read-only memory|PROM]] of New Horizon, including Daniel’s IRC handle: ”’||ugh”’.


Latest revision as of 06:11, 18 October 2024

Hugh Daniel (April 19, 1962, Chicago, Illinois – June 3, 2013, Pacifica, California) was a noted computer engineer.[1]

Computer engineering

[edit]

He was an early participant in the Cypherpunk movement. He contributed significantly to the Internet Engineering Task Force’s (IETF) early standardization of Internet Protocol Security (IPsec) and Domain Name System Security Extensions (DNSSEC).[2] He is also noted for having managed the FreeS/WAN (Free Secure Wide-Area Networking) project, with the goal of securing Internet communication via opportunistic encryption of Internet traffic. He co-founded the Openswan project and Libreswan.[3] He worked with the Electronic Frontier Foundation, and human rights groups in Guatemala. He worked on Project Xanadu, the first hypertext system and helped set up The WELL (The Whole Earth ‘Lectronic Link) virtual community.[4] Mr. Daniel was associated with groups responsible for the optical character recognition processing of the PGP5 source code at the HIP’97 con, a Quadrennial Dutch hacker convention that took place from August 8 until August 10, 1997, at the campsite Kotterbos in Almere, Netherlands.[5] His other contributions to the field include work on the original Apple Laserwriter. He worked with John Gilmore’s company Grasshopper Group in San Francisco, California, porting Sun Microsystems’ NeWS windowing system to A/UX (Apple Unix).

Interest in spaceflight

[edit]

Daniel’s spent time at the Lick Observatory and was influence early on by Star Trek, having a love of space, with his final resting place being onboard a Memorial Spaceflight.[6]

Daniel’s interest in spaceflight led him to work for Starstruck, which built three rockets and successfully launched one sub-orbitally.

His interest in space also lead to long discussions with Landon Curt Noll about Pluto research. Noll’s efforts managed to save the budget of the monitoring of Pioneer and Voyager probes, as well as the New Horizon’s probe past Pluto. In thanks, Noll was allowed to write some bytes in the “filler” part of the PROM of New Horizon, including Daniel’s IRC handle: ||ugh.

Hugh Daniel died of heart failure at age 51. To honor his enthusiasm and contributions to space, a gram of his remains were launched into space on the Celestis Sunjammer flight,[7] along with Gene and Majel Roddenberry, and James Doohan.

Hugh was known for using expressive words such as “airfort”, “Linux children” and “Republicrats”. Some of his more famous quotes:

“When you’re NAT on the net, you’re NOT on the net”

“Beam me up, Scotty; there’s no intelligent life here”

“Get me off this planet!”

“I’ll be wearing a red shirt; you won’t miss me”

Hugh Daniel: Difference between revisions

32.2 Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation – College Physics

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32.2 Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation – College Physics

Summary

  • Define various units of radiation.
  • Describe RBE.

We hear many seemingly contradictory things about the biological effects of ionizing radiation. It can cause cancer, burns, and hair loss, yet it is used to treat and even cure cancer. How do we understand these effects? Once again, there is an underlying simplicity in nature, even in complicated biological organisms. All the effects of ionizing radiation on biological tissue can be understood by knowing that ionizing radiation affects molecules within cells, particularly DNA molecules.

Let us take a brief look at molecules within cells and how cells operate. Cells have long, double-helical DNA molecules containing chemical codes called genetic codes that govern the function and processes undertaken by the cell. It is for unraveling the double-helical structure of DNA that James Watson, Francis Crick, and Maurice Wilkins received the Nobel Prize. Damage to DNA consists of breaks in chemical bonds or other changes in the structural features of the DNA chain, leading to changes in the genetic code. In human cells, we can have as many as a million individual instances of damage to DNA per cell per day. It is remarkable that DNA contains codes that check whether the DNA is damaged or can repair itself. It is like an auto check and repair mechanism. This repair ability of DNA is vital for maintaining the integrity of the genetic code and for the normal functioning of the entire organism. It should be constantly active and needs to respond rapidly. The rate of DNA repair depends on various factors such as the cell type and age of the cell. A cell with a damaged ability to repair DNA, which could have been induced by ionizing radiation, can do one of the following:

  • The cell can go into an irreversible state of dormancy, known as senescence.
  • The cell can commit suicide, known as programmed cell death.
  • The cell can go into unregulated cell division leading to tumors and cancers.

Since ionizing radiation damages the DNA, which is critical in cell reproduction, it has its greatest effect on cells that rapidly reproduce, including most types of cancer. Thus, cancer cells are more sensitive to radiation than normal cells and can be killed by it easily. Cancer is characterized by a malfunction of cell reproduction, and can also be caused by ionizing radiation. Without contradiction, ionizing radiation can be both a cure and a cause.

To discuss quantitatively the biological effects of ionizing radiation, we need a radiation dose unit that is directly related to those effects. All effects of radiation are assumed to be directly proportional to the amount of ionization produced in the biological organism. The amount of ionization is in turn proportional to the amount of deposited energy. Therefore, we define a radiation dose unit called the rad, as 1/1001/100 of a joule of ionizing energy deposited per kilogram of tissue, which is

[latex]{1 \;\text{rad} = 0.01 \;\text{J/kg}}[/latex]

For example, if a 50.0-kg person is exposed to ionizing radiation over her entire body and she absorbs 1.00 J, then her whole-body radiation dose is

[latex]{(1.00 \;\text{J})/(50.0 \;\text{kg}) = 0.0200 \;\text{J/kg} = 2.00 \;\text{rad}}[/latex]

If the same 1.00 J of ionizing energy were absorbed in her 2.00-kg forearm alone, then the dose to the forearm would be

[latex]{(1.00 \;\text{J})/(2.00 \;\text{kg}) = 0.500 \;\text{J/kg}= 50.0 \;\text{rad}}[/latex]

and the unaffected tissue would have a zero rad dose. While calculating radiation doses, you divide the energy absorbed by the mass of affected tissue. You must specify the affected region, such as the whole body or forearm in addition to giving the numerical dose in rads. The SI unit for radiation dose is the gray (Gy), which is defined to be

[latex]{1 \;\text{Gy} = 1 \;\text{J/kg} = 100 \;\text{rad}}[/latex]

However, the rad is still commonly used. Although the energy per kilogram in 1 rad is small, it has significant effects since the energy causes ionization. The energy needed for a single ionization is a few eV, or less than [latex]{10^{-18} \;\text{J}}[/latex]. Thus, 0.01 J of ionizing energy can create a huge number of ion pairs and have an effect at the cellular level.

The effects of ionizing radiation may be directly proportional to the dose in rads, but they also depend on the type of radiation and the type of tissue. That is, for a given dose in rads, the effects depend on whether the radiation is [latex]{\alpha , \beta , \gamma}[/latex] x-ray, or some other type of ionizing radiation. In the earlier discussion of the range of ionizing radiation, it was noted that energy is deposited in a series of ionizations and not in a single interaction. Each ion pair or ionization requires a certain amount of energy, so that the number of ion pairs is directly proportional to the amount of the deposited ionizing energy. But, if the range of the radiation is small, as it is for [latex]{\alpha}[/latex] s, then the ionization and the damage created is more concentrated and harder for the organism to repair, as seen in Figure 1. Concentrated damage is more difficult for biological organisms to repair than damage that is spread out, so short-range particles have greater biological effects. The relative biological effectiveness (RBE) or quality factor (QF) is given in Table 2 for several types of ionizing radiation—the effect of the radiation is directly proportional to the RBE. A dose unit more closely related to effects in biological tissue is called the roentgen equivalent man or rem and is defined to be the dose in rads multiplied by the relative biological effectiveness.

[latex]{\text{rem} = \text{rad} \times \text{RBE}}[/latex]

32.2 Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation – College Physics
Figure 1. The image shows ionization created in cells by α and γ radiation. Because of its shorter range, the ionization and damage created by α is more concentrated and harder for the organism to repair. Thus, the RBE for α s is greater than the RBE for γ s, even though they create the same amount of ionization at the same energy.

So, if a person had a whole-body dose of 2.00 rad of [latex]{\gamma}[/latex] radiation, the dose in rem would be [latex]{(2.00 \;\text{rad})(1) = 2.00 \;\text{rem whole body}}[/latex] . If the person had a whole-body dose of 2.00 rad of [latex]{\alpha}[/latex] radiation, then the dose in rem would be [latex]{(2.00 \;\text{rad})(20) = 40.0 \text{rem whole body}}[/latex] whole body. The [latex]{\alpha}[/latex] s would have 20 times the effect on the person than the [latex]{\gamma}[/latex] s for the same deposited energy. The SI equivalent of the rem is the sievert (Sv), defined to be [latex]{\text{Sv} = \text{Gy} \times \text{RBE}}[/latex], so that

[latex]{1 \;\text{Sv} = 1 \;\text{Gy} \times \text{RBE} = 100 \;\text{rem}}[/latex]

The RBEs given in Table 2 are approximate, but they yield certain insights. For example, the eyes are more sensitive to radiation, because the cells of the lens do not repair themselves. Neutrons cause more damage than [latex]{\gamma}[/latex] rays, although both are neutral and have large ranges, because neutrons often cause secondary radiation when they are captured. Note that the RBEs are 1 for higher-energy [latex]{\beta}[/latex] s, [latex]{\gamma}[/latex] s, and x-rays, three of the most common types of radiation. For those types of radiation, the numerical values of the dose in rem and rad are identical. For example, 1 rad of [latex]{\gamma}[/latex] radiation is also 1 rem. For that reason, rads are still widely quoted rather than rem. Table 3 summarizes the units that are used for radiation.

Misconception Alert: Activity vs. Dose

“Activity” refers to the radioactive source while “dose” refers to the amount of energy from the radiation that is deposited in a person or object.

A high level of activity doesn’t mean much if a person is far away from the source. The activity [latex]{R}[/latex] of a source depends upon the quantity of material (kg) as well as the half-life. A short half-life will produce many more disintegrations per second. Recall that [latex]{R \frac{0.693N}{t_{1/2}}}[/latex]. Also, the activity decreases exponentially, which is seen in the equation [latex]{R = R_0e^{- \lambda t}}[/latex].

Type and energy of radiation RBE1
X-rays 1
[latex]{\gamma} rays 1
[latex]{\gamma}[/latex] rays greater than 32 keV 1
[latex]{\beta}[/latex] rays less than 32 keV 1.7
Neutrons, thermal to slow (<20 keV) 2–5
Neutrons, fast (1–10 MeV) 10 (body), 32 (eyes)
Protons (1–10 MeV) 10 (body), 32 (eyes)
[latex]{\alpha}[/latex] rays from radioactive decay 10–20
Heavy ions from accelerators 10–20
Table 2: Relative Biological Effectiveness
Quantity SI unit name Definition Former unit Conversion
Activity Becquerel (bq) decay/sec Curie (Ci) [latex]{1 \;\text{Bq} = 2.7 \times 10^{-11} \;\text{Ci}}[/latex]
Absorbed dose Gray (Gy) 1 J/kg rad [latex]{\text{Gy} = 100 \;\text{rad}}[/latex]
Dose Equivalent Sievert (Sv) 1 J/kg × RBE rem [latex]{\text{Sv} = 100 \;\text{rem}}[/latex]
Table 3: Units for Radiation

The large-scale effects of radiation on humans can be divided into two categories: immediate effects and long-term effects. Table 4 gives the immediate effects of whole-body exposures received in less than one day. If the radiation exposure is spread out over more time, greater doses are needed to cause the effects listed. This is due to the body’s ability to partially repair the damage. Any dose less than 100 mSv (10 rem) is called a low dose, 0.1 Sv to 1 Sv (10 to 100 rem) is called a moderate dose, and anything greater than 1 Sv (100 rem) is called a high dose. There is no known way to determine after the fact if a person has been exposed to less than 10 mSv.

Dose in Sv
2
Effect
0–0.10 No observable effect.
0.1 – 1 Slight to moderate decrease in white blood cell counts.
0.5 Temporary sterility; 0.35 for women, 0.50 for men.
1 – 2 Significant reduction in blood cell counts, brief nausea and vomiting. Rarely fatal.
2 – 5 Nausea, vomiting, hair loss, severe blood damage, hemorrhage, fatalities.
4.5 LD50/32. Lethal to 50% of the population within 32 days after exposure if not treated.
5 – 20 Worst effects due to malfunction of small intestine and blood systems. Limited survival.
>20 Fatal within hours due to collapse of central nervous system.
Table 4: Immediate Effects of Radiation (Adults, Whole Body, Single Exposure)

Immediate effects are explained by the effects of radiation on cells and the sensitivity of rapidly reproducing cells to radiation. The first clue that a person has been exposed to radiation is a change in blood count, which is not surprising since blood cells are the most rapidly reproducing cells in the body. At higher doses, nausea and hair loss are observed, which may be due to interference with cell reproduction. Cells in the lining of the digestive system also rapidly reproduce, and their destruction causes nausea. When the growth of hair cells slows, the hair follicles become thin and break off. High doses cause significant cell death in all systems, but the lowest doses that cause fatalities do so by weakening the immune system through the loss of white blood cells.

The two known long-term effects of radiation are cancer and genetic defects. Both are directly attributable to the interference of radiation with cell reproduction. For high doses of radiation, the risk of cancer is reasonably well known from studies of exposed groups. Hiroshima and Nagasaki survivors and a smaller number of people exposed by their occupation, such as radium dial painters, have been fully documented. Chernobyl victims will be studied for many decades, with some data already available. For example, a significant increase in childhood thyroid cancer has been observed. The risk of a radiation-induced cancer for low and moderate doses is generally assumed to be proportional to the risk known for high doses. Under this assumption, any dose of radiation, no matter how small, involves a risk to human health. This is called the linear hypothesis and it may be prudent, but it is controversial. There is some evidence that, unlike the immediate effects of radiation, the long-term effects are cumulative and there is little self-repair. This is analogous to the risk of skin cancer from UV exposure, which is known to be cumulative.

There is a latency period for the onset of radiation-induced cancer of about 2 years for leukemia and 15 years for most other forms. The person is at risk for at least 30 years after the latency period. Omitting many details, the overall risk of a radiation-induced cancer death per year per rem of exposure is about 10 in a million, which can be written as 10/106rem·y10/106rem·y.

If a person receives a dose of 1 rem, his risk each year of dying from radiation-induced cancer is 10 in a million and that risk continues for about 30 years. The lifetime risk is thus 300 in a million, or 0.03 percent. Since about 20 percent of all worldwide deaths are from cancer, the increase due to a 1 rem exposure is impossible to detect demographically. But 100 rem (1 Sv), which was the dose received by the average Hiroshima and Nagasaki survivor, causes a 3 percent risk, which can be observed in the presence of a 20 percent normal or natural incidence rate.

The incidence of genetic defects induced by radiation is about one-third that of cancer deaths, but is much more poorly known. The lifetime risk of a genetic defect due to a 1 rem exposure is about 100 in a million or [latex]{3.3/10^6 \;\text{rem} \cdot \;\textbf{y}}[/latex], but the normal incidence is 60,000 in a million. Evidence of such a small increase, tragic as it is, is nearly impossible to obtain. For example, there is no evidence of increased genetic defects among the offspring of Hiroshima and Nagasaki survivors. Animal studies do not seem to correlate well with effects on humans and are not very helpful. For both cancer and genetic defects, the approach to safety has been to use the linear hypothesis, which is likely to be an overestimate of the risks of low doses. Certain researchers even claim that low doses are beneficial. Hormesis is a term used to describe generally favorable biological responses to low exposures of toxins or radiation. Such low levels may help certain repair mechanisms to develop or enable cells to adapt to the effects of the low exposures. Positive effects may occur at low doses that could be a problem at high doses.

Even the linear hypothesis estimates of the risks are relatively small, and the average person is not exposed to large amounts of radiation. Table 5 lists average annual background radiation doses from natural and artificial sources for Australia, the United States, Germany, and world-wide averages. Cosmic rays are partially shielded by the atmosphere, and the dose depends upon altitude and latitude, but the average is about 0.40 mSv/y. A good example of the variation of cosmic radiation dose with altitude comes from the airline industry. Monitored personnel show an average of 2 mSv/y. A 12-hour flight might give you an exposure of 0.02 to 0.03 mSv.

Doses from the Earth itself are mainly due to the isotopes of uranium, thorium, and potassium, and vary greatly by location. Some places have great natural concentrations of uranium and thorium, yielding doses ten times as high as the average value. Internal doses come from foods and liquids that we ingest. Fertilizers containing phosphates have potassium and uranium. So we are all a little radioactive. Carbon-14 has about 66 Bq/kg radioactivity whereas fertilizers may have more than 3000 Bq/kg radioactivity. Medical and dental diagnostic exposures are mostly from x-rays. It should be noted that x-ray doses tend to be localized and are becoming much smaller with improved techniques. Table 6 shows typical doses received during various diagnostic x-ray examinations. Note the large dose from a CT scan. While CT scans only account for less than 20 percent of the x-ray procedures done today, they account for about 50 percent of the annual dose received.

Radon is usually more pronounced underground and in buildings with low air exchange with the outside world. Almost all soil contains some [latex]{^{226} \text{Ra}}[/latex] and [latex]{^{222} \text{Rn}}[/latex], but radon is lower in mainly sedimentary soils and higher in granite soils. Thus, the exposure to the public can vary greatly, even within short distances. Radon can diffuse from the soil into homes, especially basements. The estimated exposure for [latex]{^{222} \text{Rn}}[/latex] is controversial. Recent studies indicate there is more radon in homes than had been realized, and it is speculated that radon may be responsible for 20 percent of lung cancers, being particularly hazardous to those who also smoke. Many countries have introduced limits on allowable radon concentrations in indoor air, often requiring the measurement of radon concentrations in a house prior to its sale. Ironically, it could be argued that the higher levels of radon exposure and their geographic variability, taken with the lack of demographic evidence of any effects, means that low-level radiation is less dangerous than previously thought.

Laws regulate radiation doses to which people can be exposed. The greatest occupational whole-body dose that is allowed depends upon the country and is about 20 to 50 mSv/y and is rarely reached by medical and nuclear power workers. Higher doses are allowed for the hands. Much lower doses are permitted for the reproductive organs and the fetuses of pregnant women. Inadvertent doses to the public are limited to [latex]{1/10}[/latex] of occupational doses, except for those caused by nuclear power, which cannot legally expose the public to more than [latex]{1/1000}[/latex] of the occupational limit or 0.05 mSv/y (5 mrem/y). This has been exceeded in the United States only at the time of the Three Mile Island (TMI) accident in 1979. Chernobyl is another story. Extensive monitoring with a variety of radiation detectors is performed to assure radiation safety. Increased ventilation in uranium mines has lowered the dose there to about 1 mSv/y.

Source Dose (mSv/y)3
Source Australia Germany United States World
Natural Radiation – external
Cosmic Rays 0.30 0.28 0.30 0.39
Soil, building materials 0.40 0.40 0.30 0.48
Radon gas 0.90 1.1 2.0 1.2
Natural Radiation – internal
[latex]{^{40} \text{K}, ^{14} \text{C} , ^{226} \text{Ra}}[/latex] 0.24 0.28 0.40 0.29
Medical & Dental 0.80 0.90 0.53 0.40
TOTAL 2.6 3.0 3.5 2.8
Table 5: Background Radiation Sources and Average Doses

To physically limit radiation doses, we use shielding, increase the distance from a source, and limit the time of exposure.

Figure 2 illustrates how these are used to protect both the patient and the dental technician when an x-ray is taken. Shielding absorbs radiation and can be provided by any material, including sufficient air. The greater the distance from the source, the more the radiation spreads out. The less time a person is exposed to a given source, the smaller is the dose received by the person. Doses from most medical diagnostics have decreased in recent years due to faster films that require less exposure time.

The image shows a dental patient wearing a lead apron sitting in a chair. X-rays emitting from an x-ray tube that is placed on the side of the patient’s jaw are passing through only the affected area of his teeth.
Figure 2. A lead apron is placed over the dental patient and shielding surrounds the x-ray tube to limit exposure to tissue other than the tissue that is being imaged. Fast films limit the time needed to obtain images, reducing exposure to the imaged tissue. The technician stands a few meters away behind a lead-lined door with a lead glass window, reducing her occupational exposure.
Procedure Effective dose (mSv)
Chest 0.02
Dental 0.01
Skull 0.07
Leg 0.02
Mammogram 0.40
Barium enema 7.0
Upper GI 3.0
CT head 2.0
CT abdomen 10.0
Table 6: Typical Doses Received During Diagnostic X-ray Exams

You need to follow certain steps for dose calculations, which are

Step 1. Examine the situation to determine that a person is exposed to ionizing radiation.

Step 2. Identify exactly what needs to be determined in the problem (identify the unknowns). The most straightforward problems ask for a dose calculation.

Step 3. Make a list of what is given or can be inferred from the problem as stated (identify the knowns). Look for information on the type of radiation, the energy per event, the activity, and the mass of tissue affected.

Step 4. For dose calculations, you need to determine the energy deposited. This may take one or more steps, depending on the given information.

Step 5. Divide the deposited energy by the mass of the affected tissue. Use units of joules for energy and kilograms for mass. If a dose in Sv is involved, use the definition that [latex]{1 \;\text{Sv} = 1 \;\text{J/kg}}[/latex].

Step 6. If a dose in mSv is involved, determine the RBE (QF) of the radiation. Recall that [latex]{1 \;\text{mSv} = 1 \;\text{mGy} \times \text{RBE} \; (\text{or} 1 \;\text{rem} =1 \;\text{rad} \times \;\text{RBE})}[/latex] .

Step 7. Check the answer to see if it is reasonable: Does it make sense? The dose should be consistent with the numbers given in the text for diagnostic, occupational, and therapeutic exposures.

Example 1: Dose from Inhaled Plutonium

Calculate the dose in rem/y for the lungs of a weapons plant employee who inhales and retains an activity of [latex]{1.00 \;\mu \text{Ci of} \; ^{239}\text{Pu}}[/latex] in an accident. The mass of affected lung tissue is 2.00 kg, the plutonium decays by emission of a 5.23-MeV [latex]{\alpha}[/latex] particle, and you may assume the higher value of the RBE for [latex]{\alpha}[/latex] s from Table 2.

Strategy

Dose in rem is defined by [latex]{1 \;\text{rad} = 0.01 \;\text{J/kg}}[/latex] and [latex]{\text{rem} = \text{rad} \times \text{RBE}}[/latex]. The energy deposited is divided by the mass of tissue affected and then multiplied by the RBE. The latter two quantities are given, and so the main task in this example will be to find the energy deposited in one year. Since the activity of the source is given, we can calculate the number of decays, multiply by the energy per decay, and convert MeV to joules to get the total energy.

Solution

The activity [latex]{R = 1.00 \;\mu \text{Ci} = 3.70 \times 10^4 \;\text{Bq} = 3.70 \times 10^4}[/latex] decays/s. So, the number of decays per year is obtained by multiplying by the number of seconds in a year:

[latex]{(3.70 \times 10^4 \;\text{decays/s})(3.16 \times 10^7 \;\text{s}) = 1.17 \times 10^{12} \;\text{decays}}[/latex]

Thus, the ionizing energy deposited per year is

[latex]{E = (1.17 \times 10^{12} \;\text{decays})(5.23 \;\text{MeV/decay}) \times }[/latex] [latex]{(\frac{1.60 \times 10^{-13} \;\text{J}}{\text{MeV}})}[/latex] [latex]{= 0.978 \;\text{J}}[/latex]

Dividing by the mass of the affected tissue gives

[latex]{\frac{E}{\text{mass}}}[/latex] [latex]{=}[/latex] [latex]{\frac{0.978 \;\text{J}}{2.00 \;\text{kg}}}[/latex] [latex]{= 0.489 \;\text{J/kg}}[/latex]

One Gray is 1.00 J/kg, and so the dose in Gy is

[latex]{\text{dose in Gy} =}[/latex] [latex]{\frac{0.489 \;\text{J/kg}}{1.00 \;\text{(J/kg)/Gy}}}[/latex] [latex]{= 0.489 \;\text{Gy}}[/latex]

Now, the dose in Sv is

[latex]{\text{dose in Sv} = \;\text{Gy} \times \text{RBE}}[/latex]

[latex]{= (0.489 \;\text{Gy})(20) = 9.8 \;\text{Sv}}[/latex]

Discussion

First note that the dose is given to two digits, because the RBE is (at best) known only to two digits. By any standard, this yearly radiation dose is high and will have a devastating effect on the health of the worker. Worse yet, plutonium has a long radioactive half-life and is not readily eliminated by the body, and so it will remain in the lungs. Being an αα emitter makes the effects 10 to 20 times worse than the same ionization produced by [latex]{\beta}[/latex] s, [latex]{\gamma}[/latex] rays, or x-rays. An activity of [latex]{1.00 \;\mu \text{Ci}}[/latex] is created by only [latex]{16 \;\mu \text{g}}[/latex] of [latex]{^{239} \text{Pu}}[/latex] (left as an end-of-chapter problem to verify), partly justifying claims that plutonium is the most toxic substance known. Its actual hazard depends on how likely it is to be spread out among a large population and then ingested. The Chernobyl disaster’s deadly legacy, for example, has nothing to do with the plutonium it put into the environment.

Medical doses of radiation are also limited. Diagnostic doses are generally low and have further lowered with improved techniques and faster films. With the possible exception of routine dental x-rays, radiation is used diagnostically only when needed so that the low risk is justified by the benefit of the diagnosis. Chest x-rays give the lowest doses—about 0.1 mSv to the tissue affected, with less than 5 percent scattering into tissues that are not directly imaged. Other x-ray procedures range upward to about 10 mSv in a CT scan, and about 5 mSv (0.5 rem) per dental x-ray, again both only affecting the tissue imaged. Medical images with radiopharmaceuticals give doses ranging from 1 to 5 mSv, usually localized. One exception is the thyroid scan using [latex]{^{131} \textbf{I}}[/latex]. Because of its relatively long half-life, it exposes the thyroid to about 0.75 Sv. The isotope [latex]{^{123} \textbf{I}}[/latex] is more difficult to produce, but its short half-life limits thyroid exposure to about 15 mSv.

PhET Explorations: Alpha Decay

Watch alpha particles escape from a polonium nucleus, causing radioactive alpha decay. See how random decay times relate to the half life.

image
Figure 3. Alpha Decay
  • The biological effects of ionizing radiation are due to two effects it has on cells: interference with cell reproduction, and destruction of cell function.
  • A radiation dose unit called the rad is defined in terms of the ionizing energy deposited per kilogram of tissue:

    [latex]{1 \;\text{rad} = 0.01 \;\text{J/kg}}[/latex]

  • The SI unit for radiation dose is the gray (Gy), which is defined to be [latex]{1 \;\text{Gy} = 1 \;\text{J/kg} = 100 \;\text{rad}}[/latex].
  • To account for the effect of the type of particle creating the ionization, we use the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) or quality factor (QF) given in Table 2 and define a unit called the roentgen equivalent man (rem) as

    [latex]{\text{rem} = \text{rad} \times \text{RBE}}[/latex].

  • Particles that have short ranges or create large ionization densities have RBEs greater than unity. The SI equivalent of the rem is the sievert (Sv), defined to be

    [latex]{\text{Sv} = \text{Gy} \times \text{RBE and} 1 \text{Sv} = 100 \;\text{rem}}[/latex] .

  • Whole-body, single-exposure doses of 0.1 Sv or less are low doses while those of 0.1 to 1 Sv are moderate, and those over 1 Sv are high doses. Some immediate radiation effects are given in Table 4. Effects due to low doses are not observed, but their risk is assumed to be directly proportional to those of high doses, an assumption known as the linear hypothesis. Long-term effects are cancer deaths at the rate of [latex]{10/10^6 \;\text{rem} \cdot \textbf{y}}[/latex] and genetic defects at roughly one-third this rate. Background radiation doses and sources are given in Table 5. World-wide average radiation exposure from natural sources, including radon, is about 3 mSv, or 300 mrem. Radiation protection utilizes shielding, distance, and time to limit exposure.

Conceptual Questions

1: Isotopes that emit αα radiation are relatively safe outside the body and exceptionally hazardous inside. Yet those that emit [latex]{\gamma}[/latex] radiation are hazardous outside and inside. Explain why.

2: Why is radon more closely associated with inducing lung cancer than other types of cancer?

3: The RBE for low-energy [latex]{\beta}[/latex] s is 1.7, whereas that for higher-energy [latex]{\beta}[/latex] s is only 1. Explain why, considering how the range of radiation depends on its energy.

4: Which methods of radiation protection were used in the device shown in the first photo in Figure 4? Which were used in the situation shown in the second photo?

(a)

Figure A shows a “shoe fitting x-ray device.” Figure B shows a group of people wearing white protective suits standing near a yellow radiation hazard sign.
Figure 4. (a) This x-ray fluorescence machine is one of the thousands used in shoe stores to produce images of feet as a check on the fit of shoes. They are unshielded and remain on as long as the feet are in them, producing doses much greater than medical images. Children were fascinated with them. These machines were used in shoe stores until laws preventing such unwarranted radiation exposure were enacted in the 1950s. (credit: Andrew Kuchling ) (b) Now that we know the effects of exposure to radioactive material, safety is a priority. (credit: U.S. Navy)

5: What radioisotope could be a problem in homes built of cinder blocks made from uranium mine tailings? (This is true of homes and schools in certain regions near uranium mines.)

6: Are some types of cancer more sensitive to radiation than others? If so, what makes them more sensitive?

7: Suppose a person swallows some radioactive material by accident. What information is needed to be able to assess possible damage?

Problems & Exercises

1: What is the dose in mSv for: (a) a 0.1 Gy x-ray? (b) 2.5 mGy of neutron exposure to the eye? (c) 1.5 mGy of [latex]{\alpha}[/latex] exposure?

2: Find the radiation dose in Gy for: (a) A 10-mSv fluoroscopic x-ray series. (b) 50 mSv of skin exposure by an αα emitter. (c) 160 mSv of [latex]{\beta ^-}[/latex] and [latex]{\gamma}[/latex] rays from the [latex]{^{40} \text{K}}[/latex] in your body.

3: How many Gy of exposure is needed to give a cancerous tumor a dose of 40 Sv if it is exposed to αα activity?

4: What is the dose in Sv in a cancer treatment that exposes the patient to 200 Gy of [latex]{\gamma}[/latex] rays?

5: One half the [latex]{\gamma}[/latex] rays from [latex]{^{99 \text{m}} \text{Tc}}[/latex] are absorbed by a 0.170-mm-thick lead shielding. Half of the [latex]{\gamma}[/latex] rays that pass through the first layer of lead are absorbed in a second layer of equal thickness. What thickness of lead will absorb all but one in 1000 of these [latex]{\gamma}[/latex] rays?

6: A plumber at a nuclear power plant receives a whole-body dose of 30 mSv in 15 minutes while repairing a crucial valve. Find the radiation-induced yearly risk of death from cancer and the chance of genetic defect from this maximum allowable exposure.

7: In the 1980s, the term picowave was used to describe food irradiation in order to overcome public resistance by playing on the well-known safety of microwave radiation. Find the energy in MeV of a photon having a wavelength of a picometer.

8: Find the mass of [latex]{^{239} \text{Pu}}[/latex] that has an activity of [latex]{1.00 \;\mu \text{Ci}}[/latex].

Footnotes

  1. Values approximate, difficult to determine.
  2. Multiply by 100 to obtain dose in rem.
  3. Multiply by 100 to obtain dose in mrem/y.

Glossary

gray (Gy)
the SI unit for radiation dose which is defined to be [latex]{1 \;\text{Gy} = 1 \;\text{J/kg} = 100 \;\text{rad}}[/latex]
linear hypothesis
assumption that risk is directly proportional to risk from high doses
rad
the ionizing energy deposited per kilogram of tissue
sievert
the SI equivalent of the rem
relative biological effectiveness (RBE)
a number that expresses the relative amount of damage that a fixed amount of ionizing radiation of a given type can inflict on biological tissues
quality factor
same as relative biological effectiveness
roentgen equivalent man (rem)
a dose unit more closely related to effects in biological tissue
low dose
a dose less than 100 mSv (10 rem)
moderate dose
a dose from 0.1 Sv to 1 Sv (10 to 100 rem)
high dose
a dose greater than 1 Sv (100 rem)
hormesis
a term used to describe generally favorable biological responses to low exposures of toxins or radiation
shielding
a technique to limit radiation exposure

Solutions

Problems & Solutions

1: (a) 100 mSv

(b) 80 mSv

(c) ~30 mSv

3: ~2 Gy

5: 1.69 mm

7: 1.24 MeV

 

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List of X-Men: Evolution characters: Difference between revisions

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*”'[[Iceman (comics)|Bobby Drake / Iceman]]”’ (voiced by [[Andrew Francis]]), the most outgoing of the new recruits, later becomes a standby X-Man to take the place of Spyke. After Spyke’s departure, he became a regular in X-Men missions, including being considered one of the more “experienced” students during the season four finale to join Cyclops, Storm, Jean, Beast, Nightcrawler, Rogue, and Shadowcat to fight [[Apocalypse (comics)|Apocalypse]]. He also has the ability to convert his body to ice and to produce ice from his hands.

*”'[[Iceman (comics)|Bobby Drake / Iceman]]”’ (voiced by [[Andrew Francis]]), the most outgoing of the new recruits, later becomes a standby X-Man to take the place of Spyke. After Spyke’s departure, he became a regular in X-Men missions, including being considered one of the more “experienced” students during the season four finale to join Cyclops, Storm, Jean, Beast, Nightcrawler, Rogue, and Shadowcat to fight [[Apocalypse (comics)|Apocalypse]]. He also has the ability to convert his body to ice and to produce ice from his hands.

*”'[[Cannonball (comics)|Samuel Guthrie / Cannonball]]”’ (voiced by [[Bill Switzer]]) is Bobby’s more practical-minded friend. Sam’s mutant ability allows him to propel himself into the air and is indestructible using this ability. He also deserves mention for nearly beating Wolverine in a motorbike race, though his urge to “go Cannonball” ruined his chances. Tall, gawky, and clumsy, he has unintentionally knocked down several walls in the institute. If he hits something he cannot demolish, he falls over, dazed.

*”'[[Cannonball (comics)|Samuel Guthrie / Cannonball]]”’ (voiced by [[Bill Switzer]]) is Bobby’s more practical-minded friend. Sam’s mutant ability allows him to propel himself into the air and is indestructible using this ability. He also deserves mention for nearly beating Wolverine in a motorbike race, though his urge to “go Cannonball” ruined his chances. Tall, gawky, and clumsy, he has unintentionally knocked down several walls in the institute. If he hits something he cannot demolish, he falls over, dazed.

*”'[[Berzerker (comics)|Ray Carter/Berzerker]]”’ (voiced by [[Tony Sampson]]) is a departure from the mainstream continuity, where he is an extremely violent. Here, he is fairly mellow, though he still has a temper. He was initially intended to have an ongoing rivalry with [[Sunspot (comics)|Sunspot]], but aside from one scene, this was phased out of the show. His power allows him to harness electricity. It is shown in a later episode that he was allied with the Morlocks before he joined Xavier’s School and tried to stop Spyke from joining them.

*”'[[Berzerker (comics)|Ray Carter/Berzerker]]”’ (voiced by [[Tony Sampson]]) is a departure from the mainstream continuity, where he is an extremely violent. Here, he is fairly mellow, though he still has a temper. He was initially intended to have an ongoing rivalry with [[Sunspot (comics)|Sunspot]], but aside from one scene, this was phased out of the show. His power allows him to harness electricity. It is shown in a later episode that he was allied with the Morlocks before he joined Xavier’s School and tried to stop Spyke from joining them.

*”'[[Jubilee (comics)|Jubilation Lee / Jubilee]]”’ (voiced by [[Chiara Zanni]]), unlike the [[X-Men: The Animated Series|original show]], plays a minor role. She retains the playfulness of her comic counterpart, was often involved with Bobby’s antics, and seems to have a liking towards him. As a nod towards the original character, she always wears a yellow jacket when not in uniform. She was removed in the third season (after the public revelation of mutants, her parents no longer felt the institute was a good place for her), but appeared in a cameo during the series finale. Jubilee has the ability to generate colorful plasma. She can form this energy into explosive streamers and light shows, which she playfully refers to as “Fireworks”.

*”'[[Jubilee (comics)|Jubilation Lee / Jubilee]]”’ (voiced by [[Chiara Zanni]]), unlike the [[X-Men: The Animated Series|original show]], plays a minor role. She retains the playfulness of her comic counterpart, was often involved with Bobby’s antics, and seems to have a liking towards him. As a nod towards the original character, she always wears a yellow jacket when not in uniform. She was removed in the third season (after the public revelation of mutants, her parents no longer felt the institute was a good place for her), but appeared in a cameo during the series finale. Jubilee has the ability to generate colorful plasma. She can form this energy into explosive streamers and light shows, which she playfully refers to as “Fireworks”.

*”'[[Magma (comics)|Amara Aquilla / Magma]]”’ (voiced by [[Alexandra Carter]]) is the only New Mutant who was the lead character of an episode (“Cruise Control”). She has a somewhat haughty, “royal” attitude at times, and is easily discouraged when she does not live up to her own expectations. Magma has a physiological connection with the earth and becomes physically ill when she is separated from it for a long period of time (such as when on a boat trip). She also has an unlikely but deep friendship with Tabitha Smith, aka Boom Boom. Magma’s appearance has been significantly altered from her comic book incarnation, where she has blond hair and blue eyes; in ”Evolution”, she has brown hair and eyes and tan skin. Amara’s mutant ability allows her to harness the power of the earth elements, allowing her to simulate effects associated with volcanic activity. Just like Bobby, she can transform her body, and in this case, into lava.

*”'[[Magma (comics)|Amara Aquilla / Magma]]”’ (voiced by [[Alexandra Carter]]) is the only New Mutant who was the lead character of an episode (“Cruise Control”). She has a somewhat haughty, “royal” attitude at times, and is easily discouraged when she does not live up to her own expectations. Magma has a physiological connection with the earth and becomes physically ill when she is separated from it for a long period of time (such as when on a boat trip). She also has an unlikely but deep friendship with Tabitha Smith, aka Boom Boom. Magma’s appearance has been significantly altered from her comic book incarnation, where she has blond hair and blue eyes; in ”Evolution”, she has brown hair and eyes and tan skin. Amara’s mutant ability allows her to harness the power of the earth elements, allowing her to simulate effects associated with volcanic activity. Just like Bobby, she can transform her body, and in this case, into lava.

*”'[[Jamie Madrox|Jamie Madrox / Multiple]]”’ (voiced by David A. Kaye), the youngest of the group, is constantly picked upon by his older peers. He has a hard time controlling his powers, with a running gag that whenever Jamie bumps into something the result is the frequent creation of numerous duplicates. Multiple also seems to have taken a liking to Shadowcat.

*”'[[Jamie Madrox|Jamie Madrox / Multiple]]”’ (voiced by David A. Kaye), the youngest of the group, is constantly picked upon by his older peers. He has a hard time controlling his powers, with a running gag that whenever Jamie bumps into something the result is the frequent creation of numerous duplicates. Multiple also seems to have taken a liking to Shadowcat.

*”'[[Sunspot (comics)|Roberto Da Costa/Sunspot]]”’ (voiced by Michael Coleman) was shown to be a perfectionist and an overachiever. Roberto’s unique mutant ability is derived from the sun, effectively allowing him to become a living solar panel. The energy absorbed from the sun allows Sunspot to “power up” into an all-black radiating form and convert the solar energy into physical strength, thermonuclear thrust for flight, generate a bright orange fiery corona around his body, and absorb and re-channel both heat and light.

*”'[[Sunspot (comics)|Roberto Da Costa/Sunspot]]”’ (voiced by Michael Coleman) was shown to be a perfectionist and an overachiever. Roberto’s unique mutant ability is derived from the sun, effectively allowing him to become a living solar panel. The energy absorbed from the sun allows Sunspot to “power up” into an all-black radiating form and convert the solar energy into physical strength, thermonuclear thrust for flight, generate a bright orange fiery corona around his body, and absorb and re-channel both heat and light.

*”'[[Wolfsbane (comics)|Rahne Sinclair / Wolfsbane]]”’ (voiced by [[Chantal Strand]]) is a relatively serene individual, only speaking in four episodes and eventually being altogether removed from the cast during the third season, but returned in a cameo during the series finale. She is of [[Scottish people|Scottish]] descent and is able to transform into a [[red wolf|lupine]] form. Her name was mispronounced as “Rohn-ee” in “Retreat,” but is correctly pronounced as “rain” in “Mainstream”.

*”'[[Wolfsbane (comics)|Rahne Sinclair / Wolfsbane]]”’ (voiced by [[Chantal Strand]]) is a relatively serene individual, only speaking in four episodes and eventually being altogether removed from the cast during the third season, but returned in a cameo during the series finale. She is of [[Scottish people|Scottish]] descent and is able to transform into a [[red wolf|lupine]] form. Her name was mispronounced as “Rohn-ee” in “Retreat,” but is correctly pronounced as “rain” in “Mainstream”.

List of X-Men: Evolution characters: Difference between revisions
The entire X-Men roster as seen in the series finale.

The series X-Men: Evolution featured a diverse cast of complicated characters. A common staple of the series was whether a particular person had chosen their allegiances correctly, with several instances of a character switching teams.

  • Professor Charles Xavier (voiced by David Kaye) is the team’s telepathic mentor and financier. He is very similar to his comic book counterpart, only more casual. Like the comic Professor X, he is still somewhat secretive, if only for the protection of his students. He occasionally visits Juggernaut, who is in suspended animation.
  • Logan / Wolverine (voiced by Scott McNeil), though similar in most ways to the classic Wolverine, he has been seriously toned down in violence, has a slightly different hairstyle, and is designed to be more of a role model for the students and appears more as a “gruff uncle” type character. He is also in charge of the students’ combat and survival training and is famous among the students for his apparently difficult and challenging methods, as well as his strict and unyielding teaching manner. On a side note, he is the only X-Man to change his uniform; at the beginning, he wears an incarnation of his classic orange-black uniform with his characteristic bladed mask, but then swaps it for a dark, maskless uniform very similar to the version found in the Ultimate X-Men comic in the third season. His powers (superhuman senses, strength, durability, agility, and longevity, healing factor, and adamantium claws and skeleton) are identical to his comic incarnation. He also is known to give the students nicknames, for instance, for Kitty Pryde he calls her “Half Pint” along with other names for the other students.
  • Ororo Munroe / Storm (voiced by Kirsten Williamson), as her codename implies, is able to harness and manipulate the forces of nature. Storm can summon lightning from a benign sky, manifest violent storms, call up freezing blizzards, and bring all forms of precipitation to bear. She can even harness the power of wind, allowing her to fly. Ororo is known for her calm personality and regal manner, and she was even worshipped as a Goddess in Africa due to her ability to summon the rains. In the comics, Ororo is an only child and an orphan; in Evolution, she has a sister named Vivian and a nephew, Spyke. Storm is the first to notice Evan’s powers at his basketball game in New York City. In both Evolution and the comics, Storm is claustrophobic, which is shown in ‘African Storm’, though the show does not reveal the origin of her ailment (she was trapped under wreckage following the accident that killed her parents). While Storm is one of the X-Men’s most popular and recognizable female members, she plays a smaller role in X-Men: Evolution.[citation needed] Her one spotlight episode, “African Storm,” puts the emphasis on her teenage nephew, Spyke, although her African origins are heavily touched upon during this episode.
  • Hank McCoy / Beast (voiced by Michael Kopsa) joins during the second season. Beast is similar to his comic counterpart in most ways, though the Evolution version speaks more casually. He was originally a gym coach and chemistry teacher at Bayville High before his latent transformation into the ape-like Beast could no longer be controlled with the medications he had formulated upon first learning of his mutation. This change of fortune forced him to retire and join the X-Men, where he could continue to teach. It was during the initial discovery of his mutation that he became acquainted with Professor Xavier.
  • Scott Summers / Cyclops (voiced by Kirby Morrow) is somewhat toned down from his comic book counterpart; he is less stiff and possesses a more open sense of humor. Contrasting with many other incarnations, Cyclops is not the aloof, doubtful loner, but a handsome and confident leader who exudes natural authority, although he is still somewhat standoffish. While the other students tend to look up to him, his competitive nature and closely held temper get in the way at times. He is the most officious and rule-abiding of the X-Men and the least likely to fool around. After the third season, Cyclops and Jean Grey begin teaching the younger students at the Xavier Institute how to better control and utilize their powers. Like the comics version, he has optic blasts that can only be controlled by special visors made of ruby quartz. This Cyclops also owns, drives, and maintains a car. Magneto once tried to control him by inventing a machine that would let Scott control his blasts at will, but Scott soon destroyed his machine and had to use his visor again.
  • Jean Grey (voiced by Venus Terzo) was “Miss Popular” of the X-Men: smart, athletic, beautiful, well-liked, and the second-in-command after Cyclops. However, she is more insecure than her comic book counterpart and possesses a jealous streak when it comes to Scott Summers. Unlike many mutants who began as social outcasts and came to find their horizons expanded through their association with the institute, Jean starts out from a high position of status. After the third season, Cyclops and Jean Grey began teaching the younger students at the Xavier Institute how to better control and utilize their powers. Jean Grey’s unique telekinetic mutant abilities allow her to manipulate matter through the force of thought alone and generate force fields and tap into the minds of others with telepathic powers. This incarnation of Jean occasionally has trouble controlling her powers and suffered at least one major loss of control as she experienced a sudden surge in their scope. Various hints dropped throughout the seasons indicate that she, like her original version, is destined to assume the mantle of the Phoenix Force. She also has romantic feelings for Cyclops, but doesn’t know how to tell him how she feels, but eventually works up the courage to confess and they become a couple later in the series. Unlike most of her teammates, Jean forgoes the use of a codename. After graduating from high school, Scott and Jean became teachers at the institute. It is hinted that she is afraid of clowns.
  • Kurt Wagner / Nightcrawler (voiced by Brad Swaile) is the teleporting humorist of the team. The Evolution Nightcrawler is very similar to his comic version and has a friendly big-brother relationship with Cyclops. During his early days at the institute, he was still feeling very insecure about fitting in. In the first season, Kurt was quite immature and childish, but he becomes much more mature following season 2. Kurt is the biological son of Mystique, but was raised by kind foster parents in Germany (instead of being abandoned by Mystique, she accidentally dropped him over a bridge while escaping Magneto, and when she saw he had been adopted, she decided to let him remain with them). He speaks with a German accent, although he makes a concerted effort to use vernacular typical of an American teenager. For much of the show, Nightcrawler uses a holographic image inducer in public to hide his appearance. It is later revealed that Rogue is his adopted sister. Over the course of the series, he and Kitty Pryde develop a very close friendship.
  • Kitty Pryde / Shadowcat (voiced by Maggie Blue O’Hara) possesses the mutant ability to become cognitively intangible, allowing her to pass or “phase” through solid objects at will. She initially had a thick valley girl accent, but it was eventually phased out after the first season. She is the second-youngest member of the team; her culinary skills are a constant source of dismay among the others. Kitty led a very sheltered life before joining the X-Men and was initially afraid of Nightcrawler’s “demonic” appearance, but she has since grown into a very open-minded and worldly young lady, and she and Nightcrawler eventually develop a very close brother and sister friendship. Kitty attracted the romantic attention of Lance Alvers the moment they met, and he tried to comfort her with his sympathy (Kitty had just developed her powers) but also wanted her to help him steal test answers. When Lance gets out of control, Kitty joins the X-Men instead, although Lance still had feelings for her. At the very beginning of Season 2, Kitty also develops romantic feelings for Lance when he risked his life to save her from a falling mascot statue, and they begin dating. However, during Season 3 when principal Kelly convinced the Brotherhood to gang up on the X-Men, Kitty felt betrayed by Lance and they both realized that as long as they are on rival teams, their relationship would not work out. At the end of Season 4, during their fight against Apocalypse, Avalanche did end up protecting Kitty against Magneto, who was Apocalypse’s minion at that time and they reunite.
  • Rogue (voiced by Meghan Black), a serious departure from the comic Rogue, is a reclusive, paranoid goth who speaks with a heavy Southern accent. She has a great deal of angst with respect to her powers, which keep her from ever safely touching anyone.[1] Due to the machinations of Mystique, Rogue initially distrusted the X-Men, but after learning that Mystique tricked her by attacking her posing as members of the X-Men, she accepted their membership. At first, annoyed by Nightcrawler’s joking behavior, she becomes close to him after learning that she is his adopted sister, and both renounce Mystique for abusing them. The series established no birth name for Rogue and gave no hints to it after her introductory episode. Rogue’s mutant ability allows her to draw upon the aspects of another (memories, habits, speech patterns, powers) through bare skin-to-skin contact. It is uncontrollable and possibly deadly. Rogue was in love with Scott during the first, second, and third season and generally was hostile towards Jean because of it; but eventually, she gets over him and approves of his relationship with Jean. She shows a romantic interest in Gambit during the season three episode, “Dark Horizon, Part 1” (when she kisses him to absorb his powers, although being mind-controlled at this point); in the season four episode, “Cajun Spice”, they resume contact, but it is unclear whether she is in love with him. At the end of the season finale, Professor X’s vision of the future shows Gambit as part of the extended team of X-Men, with his arm around her, showing that both Rogue and Gambit become a couple.
  • Evan Daniels / Spyke (voiced by Neil Denis) is a series-original character and Storm’s nephew, with the ability to project bonelike spikes from his skin.[1] He is the youngest member of the team. Spyke would much rather play basketball or skateboard than study; he has problems with authority, making him the “rebel” of the main team. Spyke and Quicksilver had an ongoing rivalry since childhood that culminated when Pietro framed Evan for robbery; however, their feud was rarely mentioned after their introductory episode and never mentioned at all past the first season. In the third season, Spyke left to join the Morlocks. He made a guest appearance in the fourth season, where he was seen as a protector of oppressed mutants. In the series finale, he returned to the X-Men to help them fight Apocalypse and rescue his aunt. He was last seen in a group photo with the X-Men, the new mutants, and their allies which may mean he has finally returned to the X-Men. Spyke has been compared to the comic character Marrow due to their similar attitudes, powers, and ties to the Morlocks, but the creators have stated that they were unaware of Marrow when the show’s production began.[1]

As a whole, the New Mutants did not have a significant role in the series. They were added in the second season of the show to make the Xavier Institute seem more populated by having several students in the background, and primarily have supporting roles. While Boom Boom is listed under “Neutral Mutants” due to her lack of a direct allegiance to any one party, she did originally attend the Xavier Institute as a “New Mutant”.

  • Bobby Drake / Iceman (voiced by Andrew Francis), the most outgoing of the new recruits, later becomes a standby X-Man to take the place of Spyke. After Spyke’s departure, he became a regular in X-Men missions, including being considered one of the more “experienced” students during the season four finale to join Cyclops, Storm, Jean, Beast, Nightcrawler, Rogue, and Shadowcat to fight Apocalypse. He also has the ability to convert his body to ice and to produce ice from his hands.
  • Samuel Guthrie / Cannonball (voiced by Bill Switzer) is Bobby’s more practical-minded friend. Sam’s mutant ability allows him to propel himself into the air and is indestructible using this ability. He also deserves mention for nearly beating Wolverine in a motorbike race, though his urge to “go Cannonball” ruined his chances. Tall, gawky, and clumsy, he has unintentionally knocked down several walls in the institute. If he hits something he cannot demolish, he falls over, dazed.
  • Ray Carter / Berzerker (voiced by Tony Sampson) is a departure from the mainstream continuity, where he is an extremely violent. Here, he is fairly mellow, though he still has a temper. He was initially intended to have an ongoing rivalry with Sunspot, but aside from one scene, this was phased out of the show. His power allows him to harness electricity. It is shown in a later episode that he was allied with the Morlocks before he joined Xavier’s School and tried to stop Spyke from joining them.
  • Jubilation Lee / Jubilee (voiced by Chiara Zanni), unlike the original show, plays a minor role. She retains the playfulness of her comic counterpart, was often involved with Bobby’s antics, and seems to have a liking towards him. As a nod towards the original character, she always wears a yellow jacket when not in uniform. She was removed in the third season (after the public revelation of mutants, her parents no longer felt the institute was a good place for her), but appeared in a cameo during the series finale. Jubilee has the ability to generate colorful plasma. She can form this energy into explosive streamers and light shows, which she playfully refers to as “Fireworks”.
  • Amara Aquilla / Magma (voiced by Alexandra Carter) is the only New Mutant who was the lead character of an episode (“Cruise Control”). She has a somewhat haughty, “royal” attitude at times, and is easily discouraged when she does not live up to her own expectations. Magma has a physiological connection with the earth and becomes physically ill when she is separated from it for a long period of time (such as when on a boat trip). She also has an unlikely but deep friendship with Tabitha Smith, aka Boom Boom. Magma’s appearance has been significantly altered from her comic book incarnation, where she has blond hair and blue eyes; in Evolution, she has brown hair and eyes and tan skin. Amara’s mutant ability allows her to harness the power of the earth elements, allowing her to simulate effects associated with volcanic activity. Just like Bobby, she can transform her body, and in this case, into lava.
  • Jamie Madrox / Multiple (voiced by David A. Kaye), the youngest of the group, is constantly picked upon by his older peers. He has a hard time controlling his powers, with a running gag that whenever Jamie bumps into something the result is the frequent creation of numerous duplicates. Multiple also seems to have taken a liking to Shadowcat.
  • Roberto Da Costa / Sunspot (voiced by Michael Coleman) was shown to be a perfectionist and an overachiever. Roberto’s unique mutant ability is derived from the sun, effectively allowing him to become a living solar panel. The energy absorbed from the sun allows Sunspot to “power up” into an all-black radiating form and convert the solar energy into physical strength, thermonuclear thrust for flight, generate a bright orange fiery corona around his body, and absorb and re-channel both heat and light.
  • Rahne Sinclair / Wolfsbane (voiced by Chantal Strand) is a relatively serene individual, only speaking in four episodes and eventually being altogether removed from the cast during the third season, but returned in a cameo during the series finale. She is of Scottish descent and is able to transform into a lupine form. Her name was mispronounced as “Rohn-ee” in “Retreat,” but is correctly pronounced as “rain” in “Mainstream”.

Brotherhood of Mutants

[edit]

The Brotherhood of Mutants had an evolving role throughout the series. While the X-Men represent the ideal of mutant responsibility, the Brotherhood of Mutants represents the reality, wasting their powers on selfish, small-time interests. They were little more than a plot device during the first season (often an excuse to have the X-Men fight somebody) but from the second season onward, they semi-retired from costumed villainy and were most often seen hanging out in their run-down house, only occasionally committing petty crimes to pay for bills and food. Despite their ongoing contempt for the X-Men, the Brotherhood of Mutants (particularly Avalanche and Toad) were portrayed in a sympathetic light; they were easily manipulated by their elders, such as Magneto, Mystique, and even Edward Kelly, but were not truly evil. The Brotherhood of Mutants have been known to team up with their rivals, often voluntarily such as in “Ascension” when they aid Shadowcat’s group of X-Men in defeating Magneto (who is being controlled by Apocalypse) and stand side by side with their former enemies at the Xavier Institute. The first time they all worked with the X-Men was to stop the Juggernaut. At the end of the series, the Brotherhood of Mutants has a change into moral heroes and become members of S.H.I.E.L.D.’s Freedom Force division.

  • Raven Darkholme / Mystique (voiced by Colleen Wheeler) initially resembles her comic counterpart, with her trademark white dress (similar to a qipao) and iconic skull belt. From the second season onwards, Mystique is given a drastic redesign, accentuating her similarity to her son Kurt, and sporting a form-fitting black combat outfit. In earlier appearances, Mystique used her real name as the disguised principal of Bayville High to spy on the X-Men and recruit members of the Brotherhood for Magneto. After her powers are exponentially increased due to an accident on Magneto’s part, she parts ways with him and begins to operate under her own agenda. Mystique later becomes instrumental in Apocalypse’s reawakening. Her backstory reveals that Mystique adopted a four-year-old Rogue, leaving her to be raised by a foster mother (Irene Adler), and Mystique is also the biological mother of Nightcrawler. Though she cares deeply for her children, her actions usually suggest otherwise. The show’s incarnation of Mystique also has a fierce and dangerous temper, and often throws tantrums when annoyed, usually when dealing with Toad.
  • Todd Tolansky / Toad (voiced by Noel Fisher), like his comic book counterpart, is a weak, smart-mouthed, and weaselly punk with extremely poor hygiene (resulting in, among other things, very noticeable body odor) and a wise-guy attitude. On the show, he is often used for comic relief. He seems to revel in his own weirdness with self-deprecating humor and feigned over-confidence. Toad can be seen as Nightcrawler’s counterpart, as they both have animal-like appearances (Toad’s webbed hands, elongated tongue, red/yellow eyes, bowlegged, hunched stance, frog-like face shape), are superhuman acrobats, have an unusual method of transportation (in Toad’s case he tends to jump and squat rather than walk and stand) and are the jokesters of their teams. While Toad is really nothing more than a coward at heart with absolutely no fighting skill and is mostly useless in battle, he tends to act as a burglar or spy, and, in doing so, gains useful information for the team. He is seen in a more sympathetic, heroic role in episode 37, “The Toad, the Witch, and the Wardrobe” when he is nearly killed by Magneto when he saves his love interest Scarlet Witch from him. Like Avalanche, Toad is given another name in X-Men: Evolution (the original being Mortimer Toynbee). He often tries to flirt with Scarlet Witch, though she is usually repulsed by him. His strongest friend in the Brotherhood is Blob, a fellow “freak amongst freaks,” and he and Nightcrawler are often depicted as rivals due to their acrobatic abilities, though they are on friendly terms after “The Toad, the Witch, and the Wardrobe”. He often acts as a scapegoat for the rest of the Brotherhood, bearing the brunt of the blame for their actions.
  • Lance Alvers / Avalanche (voiced by Christopher Grey), a grungy, hot-headed, and rebellious loner, is the Brotherhood’s field leader and is known for his rivalry with the strait-laced Cyclops. Like his comic book counterpart, Avalanche possesses geological manipulation by generating seismic waves from his hands. Avalanche is often irrational and driven by his temper, but as the series progresses, he becomes more mature and pragmatic, taking on a more morally ambiguous role. He is reluctant to be a villain, rather he is angered by societal hatred and contempt for mutants, whether good or evil and has been known to lapse into heroic roles. While Lance is mostly irritated by his teammates, he tends to act as the “caretaker”, only committing petty crimes to pay for bills and groceries. When the Brotherhood begins creating disaster scenarios to put them in a heroic light, Lance is the only one who intentionally does anything heroic; he rescues a paraplegic woman from the crashed subway that started it all, and when the final disaster goes wrong, he is the only one who stays to help. Avalanche has a soft spot and a romantic interest in Shadowcat, even joining the X-Men briefly just to be closer to her. At the start of Season 2, Lance makes several attempts to impress Kitty by causing earthquakes during a school assembly; after saving her life, they become lab partners and close friends. It is during this time that the two start dating, in spite of their friends’ protests. During the third episode of Season 3, the two break up briefly when Kitty learns that Lance was going to assist Duncan in beating up the X-Men (Cyclops specifically). Lance and Kitty’s relationship seemingly ended, realizing that as long as they are on rival teams their relationship would not work out. However, they reunite in the final episode of Season 4. At the end of the series, Lance and his team have a change of heart and join the S.H.I.E.L.D. Freedom Force.
  • Fred Dukes / Blob (voiced by Michael Dobson), as the comic version, is a bully with a big mouth and a small brain. Unlike the comic version, this Blob seems to hide a sensitive side (as seen by the rather obsessive way he treated Jean in the first episode he appeared in, and his later closeness to the rest of the Brotherhood). He is also one of the few characters to change aspects of his physical appearance throughout the series. Most notably his “haircut”, but this is because of a prank he received from Boom Boom that Toad recommends he keep.
  • Pietro Maximoff / Quicksilver (voiced by Richard Ian Cox), unlike Avalanche, he retains most of his original counterpart’s personality traits, including his impatience, arrogance, and real name. The similarities end there- this Quicksilver is a self-serving villain who will betray his friends and even family to save himself. He is loyal to his father, Magneto, though only out of convenience. At the end of season 1, he wasn’t seen making it out of the explosion on Asteroid M and many fans thought he died, but his unconscious body is actually seen being evacuated out by Spyke in a quick scene, hence his return in season 2. Though he has a hand in betraying his sister Wanda and is initially afraid of her temper and power, he grows to care for his sister as the series progresses. In season 3, Quicksilver becomes the official team leader due to Magneto’s influence, and even after Magneto’s demise, continues to assume leadership, giving the team some much-needed ambition. Early in the series, he was shown to have a grudge against Spyke; after the first season, this is never mentioned again.
  • Wanda Maximoff / Scarlet Witch (voiced by Kelly Sheridan) is a tortured young soul. Locked up in an asylum by her father, Magneto, due to his inability to control her powerful mutant ability, she grew bitter and vengeful against the world. She was released from imprisonment by Mystique, who sought to use her in her own revenge against Magneto. Wanda spent much of her introductory series searching for her father, eventually finding and attempting to kill him. However, after being subjected to the powers of Mastermind, she now believes her father to be kind and caring, resulting in a saner, calmer, more well-adjusted Wanda who is fiercely devoted to Magneto’s cause. Wanda’s unique mutant ability allows her to harness and manipulate the force of probability. Her power, already dangerous in its own right, is easily tainted by her anger and fury, making her all the more deadly. She can use hex bolts and hex spheres to interfere with other mutants’ powers, causing them to go haywire, or for attacks to be shot back at the original attacker. She can generally cause bad luck for people, making them trip or drop things when under the influence of her powers. Wanda is also able to affect inanimate objects – things will break, move (sometimes to accomplish a specific goal like trapping someone), and so on.

When the Brotherhood of Mutants fell out of Magneto’s favor (due to both incompetence and uncertain loyalty) he created a new team. Though never named on-screen, they are referred to as the Acolytes, named after Magneto’s second-most famous team from the comics (the first, of course, is the Brotherhood of Evil Mutants) Sabretooth and Quicksilver were retained, but the rest of the team was brand new. The Acolytes were first referenced in “On Angel’s Wings” when Magneto invited Angel to join him (he refused) the team was first revealed during the second-season finale, “Day of Reckoning”, where despite being quite smaller in number than the combined forces of the X-Men and the Brotherhood of Mutants, held their own against both. They were the primary threat against the X-Men in season three; until the threat of Apocalypse sidetracks Magneto. Magneto apparently sought to further expand the team, forcing the Brotherhood of Mutants to prove they were worthy of being Acolytes and even trying to recruit Wolverine (he also refused) the team roster does not seem to be stable, as Sabretooth and Mastermind tend to disappear, Quicksilver is never presented as a member in promotional material (despite being one) and in “Dark Horizon” Toad and Blob are briefly seen among the Acolytes.

  • Erik Lehnsherr / Magneto (voiced by Christopher Judge) is a powerful mutant supremacist. He is essentially unchanged from his comic book version but toned down a bit so that he appears more a manipulator than a terrorist. In addition, the ambiguous nature of Magneto’s personality has been changed to make him a more effective villain (though he was seen as a child in a concentration camp), resembling the 1960s version of the character, with an apparent (but unstated) interest solely in mutant dominance, with himself as leader.
  • Victor Creed / Sabretooth (voiced by Michael Donovan) is a violent brawler who has a deep enmity against Wolverine, but not the psychotic killer of the comics. Little is revealed about Sabretooth except that he had some involvement with Wolverine, Weapon X, and that he is one of Magneto’s most loyal followers. Oddly, he was depicted as a loner in the first season, but from the first season’s finale (“The Cauldron”) onward he was almost never seen without Magneto although his whereabouts after Magneto was kidnapped by Apocalypse is unknown.
  • Remy LeBeau / Gambit (voiced by Alessandro Juliani) cast as a Long John Silver-type villain, is outwardly similar to the original Gambit but is different in that he is a willing accomplice to Magneto. Trained as a thief, Gambit is an amoral mercenary who will give his services to the highest bidder. He appears to have a soft spot for Rogue (originally meant only as a nod to their relationship in the comics), especially during the season 4 episode, “Cajun Spice”, in which he kisses his favorite playing card (the Queen of Hearts, his “lucky lady”) during a train journey and then gives her this same card at the end, but whether or not he has a sincere affection for her is unconfirmed. However, in the final sequence at the end of the series, Gambit was seen as part of the extended team of X-Men, with an arm around Rogue. His nickname for Rogue is “Chérie” which is French for darling.
  • Piotr Rasputin / Colossus (voiced by Michael Adamthwaite) is very similar to his comic counterpart. In this version, he is pressured into working for Magneto, who has abducted and threatened to kill his family. He revealed this to Wolverine and later tried to resist Magneto’s threats against his family. When Magneto was defeated by Apocalypse and taken under his control, Colossus returned to Russia. He eventually returned to help the X-Men in their final battle against Apocalypse; although the whereabouts of his family remain unknown at the end of the series. When Charles Xavier saw the future in the mind of Apocalypse, he saw Colossus as one of the future X-Men. In the special feature “X-Men Season 3: X-Posed” on the season 3 DVD, Colossus’ sister is specifically mentioned as being Magneto’s hostage, with no mention of other family members, contrary (but not contradictory) to what is stated in the series. This was likely an intended plot point for X-Men Evolution’s group for future seasons.
  • Betsy Braddock / Psylocke (voiced by Nicole Oliver) is a maintain character as new powers as Telephaty, Flight, Telekinesis, Precognition similar to arch-enemy Jean Grey, In Episode 51 and 52 Ascension as the final battle and Charles Xavier saw the future as the last appearances of X-Men Evolution’s group for future season.
  • St. John Allerdyce / Pyro (voiced by Trevor Devall) is a mad pyromaniac with a cackling laugh and a broken Australian accent. The original Pyro was more controlled, whereas this version’s affinity for destruction and complete ignorance of consequence borders on outright insanity. In one notable scene, he is watching footage of Magneto’s supposed demise at the hands of Apocalypse, rewinding, playing back, and laughing several times. He differs from his comic book counterpart in that he needs a constant stream of flame to sustain his power; when Wolverine fights him midway through his repeated viewing of Magneto’s death, Wolverine severs his flamethrower pack, and the fires already conjured fade away. The special feature “Cerebro Mutant Files: The Acolytes” on the Season 3 DVD reveals that, like the movie, the name St. John Allerdyce (as Pyro is named in the comics) is simplified to John Allerdyce.
  • Jason Wyngarde / Mastermind (voiced by Campbell Lane) is the group’s telepath, though his membership on the team appears to be unofficial, as he seldom appears. While his comic book counterpart could only cast illusions, this version of Mastermind is also capable of telepathy, as well as reading and even rewriting memories of other people (as he did to Wanda).
  • Tabitha Smith / Boom-Boom (voiced by Megan Leitch). Tabitha has a troubled past and a criminal father. Originally one of the New Mutants, she felt that she did not fit in at Prof. Xaviers Institute and moved in with the Brotherhood, who were more her style. She often played practical jokes on the boys (such as shaving off Blob’s Mohawk while he slept) and abused their hospitality, though they did little to stop her. She left following Mystique’s return. Her role in the series was significantly diminished afterward; she lived on her own and appeared mostly in the company of her friend Amara. Her powers are making energy ‘time bombs’ that can explode at will. In the final episode, she is pictured with the X-Men.
  • The Morlocks. The Morlocks made several appearances on the show. Like in the comics, the Morlocks made their option of living down in the sewers, because their mutations were far too apparent to stop humans from shunning them from society. The characters included:
    • Callisto (voiced by Saffron Henderson), the leader of the group, who has enhanced senses. She is more passive and reasonable than her comic-book counterpart.
    • Caliban (voiced by Michael Dobson) a chalk-white character who is able to detect the presence of other mutants.
    • Cybelle, an African American female with an acid touch.
    • Torpid, a mute little girl with huge hands who possesses a paralyzing touch. She was created exclusively for the series.[1]
    • Facade, who can blend into his surroundings. He was created exclusively for the series.
    • Lucid (voiced by Lee Tockar), a froglike mutant who can see through solid objects. He was created exclusively for the series.
    • Scaleface (who can shapeshift into a fire-breathing reptilian creature) appeared in one episode. She tried to prevent Berzerker from escaping the Morlocks, a nod to their relationship in the comics.
  • X-23 (voiced by Andrea Libman and then Britt Irvin) is a female clone of Wolverine who was raised since birth to be a killer for HYDRA. She has two claws in each hand instead of three, and a single claw in each foot. At first, X-23 blames Wolverine for her wretched existence and tries to kill him, but relents when she realizes that he had nothing to do with her creation or emotional and mental abuse. In scenes from the future on the final episode, X-23 is found as a member of the X-Men. It is noteworthy in that she was created for and made her debut on X-Men: Evolution, and was later adopted as a comic character.
  • Warren Worthington III / Angel (voiced by Mark Hildreth) a young multi-millionaire, donned a costume and a mask to perform heroic deeds in New York City, but stopped after his actions garnered negative attention from Magneto. He eventually joins the X-Men in their concerted assault against Apocalypse, and in scenes from the future in the final episode, Angel is shown as a full member of the X-Men.
  • Forge (voiced by Sam Vincent) in great contrast to his comic counterpart, is a Bayville High student and mutant inventor from the late 1970s who was trapped in a pocket dimension he called “Middleverse” for several years. Only when Nightcrawler found his way there and the X-Men found a way to free him did Forge return, though he was, as he put it, “twenty years late for curfew”. While he is an ally of the X-Men, he only appeared once more to test equipment that would enhance Nightcrawler’s teleportation range, at the cost of releasing extra-dimensional monsters into the world. He is curiously absent from the final shot of the series, which included the X-Men and the various allies they had gathered throughout the series. He is shown as having a mechanical arm that seems able either to actually shift into flesh or simulate it, and aside from his evident genius displays no other power.
  • Alex Summers / Alex Masters / Havok (voiced by Matt Hill). Cyclops’s younger brother who was long believed to be dead, Alex (who was adopted by the Masters family rather than the Blanding family as his comic counterpart was) is reunited with his brother Scott, though Alex has come under the influence of Magneto, leading Scott away from the X-Men. Eventually, Alex and Scott realize that Magneto has tricked them and helped put an end to his plans. Alex turns down an offer to join the X-Men, preferring to stay in Hawaii and become a professional surfer. Despite this, he agrees to help in the fight against Apocalypse, even donning an X-Men training uniform.
  • Danielle Moonstar (voiced by Tabitha St. Germain) is a Native American mutant who befriends Kitty. Her powers of psychic projection exposed the worst fears of her neighbors, which resulted in the entire population of her small town moving away and leaving her and her grandfather the only residents of a ghost town. Her story coincidentally parallels that of Forge, the only other Native American in the series.
  • Irene Adler / Destiny (voiced by Ellen Kennedy) a blind mutant who has visions of future possibilities and events. In “Rogue Recruit”, it is implied that Destiny is employed by Magneto, but her true loyalties lie with her longtime friend Mystique. She raised Rogue in Caldecott, Mississippi, waiting for the day in which her potentially unlimited power would manifest. Though Irene lies to Rogue on several occasions (such as telling her that she must always cover her skin due to a phony illness, and convincing her that the X-Men are dangerous mutant hunters), she clearly has genuine affection for the girl.
  • Dorian Leech (voiced by Danny McKinnon) is a young boy whose mutation nullifies any type of power, both energetic and mutant abilities, within range. His green skin marks him as a mutant, and his mother struggles to protect him from anti-mutant bigots. In his final appearance, Leach plays a vital role in the course of events when Rogue absorbs his powers to vanquish Apocalypse.
  • Viper, voiced by Lisa Ann Beley. She is the green-haired leader of HYDRA. The character apparently dies while on board her base as it is destroyed.
  • Omega Red, voiced by Richard Newman. One of Viper’s underlings, Omega Red has a previous history with Wolverine that is hinted at but never fully explained. He is depicted as working alongside HYDRA as part of a deal to get revenge on Wolverine for something the Weapon X program did. Wolverine has no memory of who Omega Red is or what they did to him, but he swears vengeance upon them all, including Sabretooth, Wraith, and Maverick.
  • Gauntlet, voiced by Mark Gibbon, is another member of HYDRA who tries to get back their creation, X-23. Gauntlet appears to have been either genetically altered or possessing a natural mutation that makes him stronger, tougher, and with keener senses than the average human being. Like other agents of HYDRA, he has access to a wide array of tools and equipment that make him a formidable opponent and a dangerous tracker. Unfortunately for Gauntlet, he was aboard the hovercraft with the Supreme HYDRA which X-23 destroyed.
  • En Sabah Nur / Apocalypse (voiced by David Kaye) Hinted at during the second season, Apocalypse became the primary focus of the third and fourth seasons, overshadowing even a fearful Magneto as the primary villain. Though his back story remains largely the same as his comic counterpart, this Apocalypse was sealed away behind three mystic doors in the Himalayas, using Mesmero to help him escape. Once free, Apocalypse quickly proved that even the combined forces of the X-Men and Magneto’s Acolytes were no match for him, and set out to use the Eye of Ages to turn all humans into mutants (or as Beast put it, “reshape the world in his image”).
    This Apocalypse differed greatly from the original version, most notably his initial appearances showed him as an iridescent god-like being who never spoke. During the series finale, he was altered to more closely resemble his original appearance by becoming a blue cyborg with a penchant for overly dramatic dialogue, which led to mixed reactions from fans.
  • Vincent / Mesmero (voiced by Ron Halder) is little more than a servant of Apocalypse in X-Men: Evolution. While Apocalypse was sealed away in the Himalayas, Mesmero helped track down the items that would help free him. He traveled with a circus (It is implied that he worked there before his time with Apocalypse as he is found there once Apocalypse discards him) and used his hypnotic powers to recruit the X-Men, then Gambit, and later Rogue alone to help free Apocalypse. In contrast to his comic counterpart, this Mesmero looks like a normal human with strange green tattoos on his body rather than a green skin tone. Professor Xavier at one point hints that the bulk of Mesmero’s power is channeled from Apocalypse; after being abandoned, Mesmero does not show any powers and is easily captured and interrogated.
  • Cain Marko / Juggernaut (voiced by Paul Dobson). In Juggernaut’s first appearance on the show, it took the combined forces of the X-Men and the Brotherhood to stop him from harming Xavier and Mystique. However, in his second appearance, a substantially more experienced X-Men team managed to defeat Juggernaut with the help of the environment. The most noteworthy differences between the comic Juggernaut and the Evolution Juggernaut are that he is now Xavier’s half-brother rather than his stepbrother and that he is now a mutant whose powers were activated by “mysticism”. Another difference is the helmet he wore had buckle-like locks on it allowing for it to be easily taken off unlike his previous incarnation in the previous X-Men animated series where it was bolted on. However, Juggernaut still possessed the same general weakness from telepathic assault and his helmet was stated in his first appearance to still provide protection.
  • David Haller (voiced by Kyle Labine). Was altered slightly from the comics. He more closely resembled his father, Professor X, and had inherited his psionic powers, but here Legion was also able to shapeshift between his various personalities. Originally, Legion’s personalities developed due to mental disorders; in Evolution however, they are manifestations of repressed feelings. David Haller, the “true” personality, though disappointed in his father’s absence, holds no real hostility, and seems to have no discernible powers. The dominant personality, Lucas, a Scottish punk, demonstrates a hatred of Xavier and believes that he was abandoned in favor of other mutants. He has psychic abilities superior to Jean’s (formidable by this point in the series) and even caused Professor X’s attempt to suppress him to backfire. Finally, a young, mute boy named Ian possessed pyrokinesis, including the ability to create fire at will. His motivations remain unknown, but it seems he sided with Lucas.
  • Bolivar Trask (voiced by John Novak) a former S.H.I.E.L.D. agent as noted by his comment about learning of mutants through his involvement with S.H.I.E.L.D. is a militant follower of the anti-mutant cause and he secretly developed the Sentinel prototype underneath Bayville. He was arrested for what happened and was later released by Nick Fury and allowed to create an entire batch of Sentinels to combat Apocalypse.
  • The Sentinels only appeared twice in the series: the first time as a single prototype that was unleashed in New York and the second time as several units in S.H.I.E.L.D.’s first line of defense against Apocalypse. Unlike the original Sentinel robots in the comics, these are not authorized and even got Bolivar Trask arrested. The design from the comics was also changed, making this Sentinel more complex-looking than the comics’ version, giving it some abilities not seen with its comic counterparts.
  • Edward Kelly (voiced by Dale Wilson) was the second principal of Bayville High (the first, Ms. Darkholme, aka Mystique, had vanished) and carried suspicions about the mutant teens which became full-blown prejudice when they were publicly revealed, causing him to make reforms at the high school. Later, he ran for mayor of Bayville competing with the falsely heroic Brotherhood for media attention, a nod to his career as a politician in the comics.
  • Duncan Matthews (voiced by Vincent Gale) is the stereotypical jock/football player. In his earliest appearances, he was little more than the local high school jerk before becoming a rival to Scott for the attention of Jean Grey. When mutants were outed through the entire school, he began harassing Scott in disgust.
    Despite developing a hatred of mutants himself, Duncan even momentarily teams up with The Brotherhood to try to ridicule Scott in front of the whole school, with minimal success. In season 4, Duncan returns with even more of a hatred for mutants, as he began terrorizing random mutants in the street, arousing the wrath of Spyke. He is later seen with his friends trying to kill him with mining guns, but are eventually taken down by the X-Men and the Morlocks, and arrested right afterward by the police.
  • Hungan (voiced by Blu Mankuma) is a witch doctor from Storm’s tribe. He is jealous of Storm because her powers over the weather made her a more venerable idol in their African village. Because of this he came to America to seek revenge and drains Storm’s powers using her fears of claustrophobia to help him do so. Hungan captures her will into his scepter, giving him the ability to control her body. The X-Men eventually located Hungan and his tribesmen but he uses the mind-controlled Storm to attack them. Spyke uses his powers to shatter the crystal atop Hungan’s scepter, releasing Storm from his control. Angrily, Storm engulfs the Hungan in a force of wind that threw him into the sea. Afterward Hungan’s tribe disappears into the mist.[2] It is unclear if he is a mutant, relies on magic, or a combination of the two. Hungan’s name is a Haitian term referring to the chief voodoo priest.
  • Amanda Sefton, voiced by Moneca Stori, is Kurt Wagner’s human girlfriend. Amanda is sweet yet shy, she discovered Kurt’s mutation on her own but remained deeply attracted to him. She is one of the few humans of Bayville High who does not shun mutants. Despite being a pale Romani woman in the comics, Amanda’s ethnicity was changed to mixed African American/Eastern European and unlike her comic book incarnation, she is not a practitioner of sorcery.
  • Margali Szardos, voiced by Teryl Rothery, is Amanda Sefton’s mother, who forbids her from seeing Kurt after he and Toad get into a fight that wrecks much of her house. Though she still has her comic counterpart’s European heritage, she has no previous connection to Kurt and is not a sorceress.
  • Webber Torque / Arcade, voiced by Gabe Khouth, is a freshman computer whiz. Mystique, posing as a girl called Risty Wilde, gets him to hack into Cerebro (which he thinks is merely a high-tech, interactive video game) so that she can steal data about Scarlet Witch. In the comics, Arcade is an obnoxious, flamboyant paid assassin, but in Evolution he is a normal, harmless (though over-enthusiastic) student.
  • Gabrielle Haller, voiced by Louise Vallance, is Professor Xavier’s ex-wife and the mother of Legion. The two married young and divorced because Xavier dedicated too much time to his study of mutants. Unbeknownst to him, however, Gabrielle was pregnant at the time of their separation and decided to raise their son by herself. In the comics, Gabrielle was, like Magneto, a Holocaust survivor. She and Xavier were lovers and had their son out of wedlock, though this version of Gabrielle also chose to hide David’s existence from his father.
  • Paul, voiced by Neil Denis, is a blond schoolmate of Scott Summers and was one of his best friends. He made several appearances in the series, the last a look of utter bewilderment when the X-Men were outed on TV.
  • Taryn Fujioka, voiced by Janyse Jaud, is a brown-haired, attractive Japanese American girl who has a crush on Scott. At first, she is Jean’s best friend, but when Jean starts to develop feelings for Scott herself, becomes her most bitter rival. Eventually, she and Scott start to date, in part because Jean never tried to date Scott. However, when Scott was outed as a mutant, she shunned him.
  • Steve Rogers / Captain America was a government-sponsored superhero who fought for the Allies in World War II. With Wolverine’s help, he liberated Auschwitz (called a POW camp in the show due to censors) in Poland and rescued a young Magneto. The super-soldier serum that gave Captain America his powers was slowly killing him, however, and he was cryogenically frozen.
  • Risty Wilde, voiced by Nicole Oliver, was the assumed persona Mystique used to remain close to her adopted daughter Rogue. She was a goth-punk from England (more specifically Manchester, but her accent is closer to that of the Home Counties; possibly done to avoid the American stereotype of English people being Londoners) with purple hair, and from the beginning of the second season, became fast friends with Rogue. The Risty persona was also used as a cover for Mystique to obtain data from the Xavier Institute. After the public revelation of mutants, Risty disappeared, allegedly because her parents had made her stay in England due to the mutant scandal (Mystique had actually been locked away in Area 51). Accidental skin contact with Rogue at a concert caused Mystique to lose control of her power, finally revealing to Rogue that Risty had been a false identity all along. Due to the character’s purple hair and British accent, many fans assumed she had been modeled after Psylocke. The producers insist that it was a coincidence, and the two are unrelated.[1]
  • Nick Fury (voiced by Jim Byrnes) is the gruff leader of the secret government agency called S.H.I.E.L.D. He has helped the X-Men on occasion, mostly when it benefits his own agenda. This is the last incarnation of Fury to be white; all subsequent renderings are black.
  • Agatha Harkness, voiced by Pauline Newstone. She gives Scarlet Witch training in various disciplines that helps her control her powers and is also the person Nightcrawler turns to for help when his mother, Mystique is turned into stone by Apocalypse. Agatha does demonstrate supernatural powers on the show by putting out a fire and other magical tricks.
  • Dr. Deborah Risman, voiced by Lisa Ann Beley. A character created for Evolution, Dr. Risman, after discovering the Weapon X project that created Wolverine, worked to create a perfect soldier. She failed 22 times; the 23rd was the only success and became X-23. When X-23 escapes, Dr. Risman defects from Hydra to Nick Fury and S.H.I.E.L.D. because of the moral implications of the project while hoping S.H.I.E.L.D. can recapture X-23 before any harm is done.[3] When the character X-23 was adapted into the mainstream Marvel universe, Deborah Risman was replaced with a similar character named Sarah Kinney.[4][5]
  • Rama-Tut: An alien who came to Earth (Ancient Egypt, to be precise) where he became the land’s supreme ruler. When he saw a young mutant, who would eventually become Apocalypse, as a threat to his rule, he intended to have him eliminated. The scheme backfired due to Apocalypse’s mutant abilities and combat skills, which made Rama-Tut flee for his life to parts unknown. He only appears in historical flashbacks at the end of the third season.
  1. ^ a b c d e “Fifty Five Questions with Greg Johnson”. Retrieved November 28, 2006.
  2. ^ Gary Graham (d), Nick Dubois (w) (December 1, 2001). “African Storm”. X-Men: Evolution. Season 2. Episode 8. Kids’ WB.
  3. ^ Curt Geda (d), Craig Kyle (w) and Chris Yost (w) (August 2, 2003). “X-23”. X-Men: Evolution. Season 3. Episode 11. Kids’ WB.
  4. ^ Chris Yost (w), Jonathan Sibal (i), X-23 #1 (January 12, 2005), Marvel Comics
  5. ^ Ben Chabala (August 19, 2010). “Unlimited Highlights: X-23”. Marvel.com. Retrieved June 7, 2011.

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Lois Lane in other media: Difference between revisions

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Lois Lane in other media: Difference between revisions

Fictional comic book creation in other media

Lois Lane is a fictional character first appearing in DC Comics Action Comics #1 (June 1938), an intrepid reporter commonly portrayed as the romantic interest of the superhero Superman and his alter-ego Clark Kent. Since her debut in comic books, she has appeared in various media adaptations, including radio, animations, films, television and video games. Actresses who have portrayed Lois Lane include Noel Neill, Phyllis Coates, Margot Kidder, Teri Hatcher, Erica Durance, Kate Bosworth, Amy Adams, and Elizabeth Tulloch.

1940s Superman serials

[edit]

Lois Lane in other media: Difference between revisions
Noel Neill in Superman (1948)

Noel Neill played Lois Lane in the first live-action appearance of Superman on film in the Columbia Pictures 15-part film serial Superman (1948) with Kirk Alyn as Clark Kent/Superman. The film was a popular success and launched Neill’s career as an actress. A sequel, Atom Man vs. Superman, also starring Neill and Alyn was released in 1950.

Neill previously had a recurring role in producer Sam Katzman’s “The Teen Agers” musical comedy series, playing a reporter for a high school newspaper. When Katzman was making the Superman serial, he remembered Neill’s newshawk portrayals and cast her to play Lois.

Superman and the Mole Men

[edit]

Released by Lippert Pictures, Superman and the Mole Men (1951) is the first theatrical feature film based on any DC Comics character. The film served as a trial balloon release for the syndicated TV series Adventures of Superman, and later became the two-part episode “The Unknown People”. In the film, Lois is portrayed by Phyllis Coates.

Stamp Day for Superman

[edit]

Stamp Day for Superman is a 1954 short film made for the United States Department of the Treasury to promote the purchase of U.S. Savings Bonds, distributed to schools as a means of educating children about the program. Warner Bros. released the film as part of the Adventures of Superman season 2 DVD set. Noel Neill reprised the role of Lois, with George Reeves as Superman.

Christopher Reeve Superman films

[edit]

Margot Kidder played Lois in four Superman films in the 1970s and 80s

Canadian-born actress Margot Kidder played Lois Lane opposite Christopher Reeve in Superman (1978), Superman II (1980), Superman III (1983), and Superman IV: The Quest for Peace (1987).

The filmmakers had a very specific concept for Lois: liberated, hard-nosed, witty and attractive. Kidder was cast because director Richard Donner and the producers agreed that her performance had a certain spark and vitality, and because of her strong interaction with Christopher Reeve. Donner feels Kidder seemed to convey the general American concept of Lois Lane—pretty, pert and perky, intelligent and ambitious without being pushy.[1] Actresses who auditioned for the role include Anne Archer, Deborah Raffin, Susan Blakely, Stockard Channing, and Lesley Ann Warren.

Kidder later guest starred on the fourth season of the television series Smallville as Bridgette Crosby in the episodes “Crusade” and “Transference”.

Actress Kate Bosworth played Lois in the 2006 film Superman Returns

Directed and produced by Bryan Singer, Kate Bosworth played Lois Lane in the 2006 film Superman Returns opposite Brandon Routh as Clark Kent/Superman.

In the film, Superman has disappeared for many years. On his return to Earth, he finds the world he left behind has changed in ways he did not expect. Lois is a mother and is engaged to Richard White (Perry White’s nephew). Lois and Richard’s son, Jason White, is later revealed to be Superman’s son after the child begins to show superpowers.

DC Extended Universe

[edit]

Amy Adams played Lois in DC Extended Universe, starting with Man of Steel (2013)

Amy Adams portrays Lois Lane in the 2013 Superman reboot film Man of Steel with Henry Cavill as Clark Kent/Superman, directed by Zack Snyder and produced by Christopher Nolan.[2]

In casting Lois, Snyder said: “Amy has the talent to capture all of the qualities we love about Lois: smart, tough, funny, warm, ambitious and, of course, beautiful.”[3] Snyder said they cast Adams because she is “supermodern.”[4] Producer Deborah Snyder says, “Lois is independent and definitely not a damsel in distress. And she’s never afraid to get her hands dirty.”[5] Adams said: “Lois is just very natural, nothing about her is contrived or manufactured.” Adams on her character as following the idea of the independent, feisty woman, but set in a more identifiable world, “Snyder’s film has a modern take on journalism: a world of blogs, instant news, online paranoia. She has become more of a free-ranging journalist, someone who likes to be hands-on. The nature of the newspaper business has changed so much. There is so much more pressure.”[6] This was the third time Adams auditioned for the role of Lois Lane. She previously auditioned for the role in Superman Returns and the aborted Superman: Flyby.

In the screenplay, Lois’ background as a Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist is filled out with a mention of her stint as an embedded reporter with the First Infantry Division of the U.S. Army.[7] In the film, Lois suggested Clark call himself “Superman” after she noticed the symbol on his chest resembled an English “S.” Clark explains that the symbol is the El family crest and on his home planet, it means hope. Screenwriter David S. Goyer has revealed a deleted scene from the film, where after Lois is captured by the FBI, they interrogate her and she refuses to reveal Superman’s identity.[8]

In the film, Lois arrives in the Arctic to research a story about an alien occurrence in the Arctic. She follows a mysterious man into an ice tunnel (a disguised Clark Kent tracking a buried Kryptonian scout ship). After being attacked by a security droid protecting the ship, Lois is made aware of Clark’s abilities when he saves her life. As a result of those events, Lois begins writing an expose piece for the Daily Planet on her mysterious savior. She tracks down Clark’s identity to Smallville and interviews his mother. After learning the circumstances surrounding his adopted father’s death and Clark’s desire to remain hidden from society, Lois ceases writing the piece.

When General Zod arrived on Earth, he demanded the citizens of Earth relinquish Kal-El into his custody. Shortly thereafter, Lois is apprehended by the government once her association with Kal-El is known. Superman confronted the government officials to secure Lois’ release at a military installation while turning himself over to them. Superman, in cooperation with the military, agrees to surrender to Zod’s emissary, who also takes Lois aboard their spaceship. On the ship, Lois escapes with the help of Jor-El, she restores Earth’s atmosphere on the ship, restoring Superman’s powers and enables him to escape Zod’s trap and eventually defeating the Kryptonian forces when they attack Earth. When Zod forces Superman to kill him, Lois consoles Superman, who is distraught after ending Zod’s life. At the conclusion, Clark is introduced by Perry White to Lois as the new stringer for the Daily Planet, which will become Clark’s new secret identity. Lois, surprised but willing to keep his secret, plays along and welcomes him.

Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice

[edit]

Adams reprises her role as Lois Lane in Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016).[9] On Lois’ role in the film, Adams said: “Lois is still sort of like the key to the information” explaining that the character is still very much in the mix because she’s the one acquiring information and putting the pieces together.[10]

At the beginning of the film, Lois is in Africa interviewing a terrorist group. A massacre breaks out, she is held hostage by the group’s leader and is saved by Superman. It is shown Clark and Lois have moved in together and their relationship is still going strong. Lois flies to Washington D.C. to investigate who is behind the attack in Africa when Superman is blamed for the incident. She discovers that Lex Luthor orchestrated the attack and witnesses the bombing at the congressional Superman hearing. Lois tries to convince Clark that Superman still means hope to people, but Clark filled with guilt for not detecting the bomb at the hearing goes on a self-imposed exile.

Lex lures Superman from exile by abducting Lois and pushing her off a building. Superman learns that Lex has also kidnapped his mother Martha and knows he is Clark Kent and forced him to fight Batman for Martha’s life. Lois eventually arrives at the area where Superman and Batman are fighting. She helps Clark convinces Batman not to kill him for Martha’s sake and later tries to retrieve the Kryptonite spear in nearby water when Doomsday shows up. Superman tells Lois he loves her and she is his world, before sacrificing himself, killing Doomsday. Lois is devastated by Clark’s death. At the funeral, Martha revealed to Lois that Clark was going to propose to her and gave Lois the engagement ring. In Batman’s nightmare/dream, Bruce sees the Flash trying to tell him that “It’s Lois, it’s Lois Lane. She’s the key.”

Adams reprises her role as Lois Lane in the film Justice League (2017).[11] Lois becomes Batman’s contingency plan when Batman and his allies decide to resurrect Superman to help fight off the threat of Steppenwolf and his army of Parademons. After regaining part of his memory upon seeing Lois, Superman leaves with Lois to his family home in Smallville, where Clark and Lois reaffirm their love for each other. After Steppenwolf is defeated, Superman resumes his life as reporter Clark Kent, and Lois publishes an article in the Daily Planet about her belief in heroism and hope.

In Zack Snyder’s Justice League, the 2021 director’s cut of the film, a pregnancy test is shown in Lois’ bedside drawer, and Snyder has confirmed that Lois was pregnant during the film’s events.[12][13] The film also includes a scene where Martian Manhunter, disguised as Martha Kent, visits Lois in her apartment and persuades her to return to work at the Daily Planet.

Rachel Brosnahan will play Lois Lane opposite David Corenswet as Clark Kent/Superman in the upcoming film Superman, scheduled for release in July 2025.[14]

Live-action television

[edit]

Adventures of Superman

[edit]

Phyllis Coates in the first season of Adventures of Superman

Following the film Superman and the Mole Men, which served as a pilot for television series Adventures of Superman (1952-1958), the series went into production in late 1951. Phyllis Coates played Lois Lane in the first season opposite George Reeves as Clark Kent / Superman. The production stop after season one.

When the cereal company Kellogg’s agreed to sponsor the show the series resumed filming, however, Coates had made committed to other projects and did not return as Lois. Noel Neill who had previously played the character in Columbia Pictures’ Superman film serial stepped into the role from season two to season six until the series cancellation in 1958.

Coates portrayed Lois as a sharp, strong-willed, efficient and tough, a resourceful reporter who tries to outscoop Clark Kent. Coates played Ellen Lane, the mother of Lois, in the first season of the 1990s television series Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman.

Neill’s Lois was more accessible to the younger audience, sweeter and more sympathetic. She cameoed in the 1978 film Superman, guest starred in the 1980s Superboy series, and appeared in the 2006 film Superman Returns as Lex Luthor’s dying wealthy wife.

Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman

[edit]

Teri Hatcher in Lois & Clark The New Adventures of Superman

Teri Hatcher portrayed Lois Lane in the television series Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman (1993-1997) with Dean Cain as Superman/Clark Kent. In the series, Lois was described as “complicated, domineering, uncompromising, stubborn and brilliant.”

The series mirrored Superman’s modern origin, established by writer John Byrne, where Clark Kent is the true personality, and Superman is the disguise. This is the first television series or films which shows Lois and Clark’s romance fully realized, with the two leading characters getting married during the series run.

Hatcher made a guest appearance on the television series Smallville playing Lois’ mother Ella in a videotape that she recorded for her daughter before her death. She played Rhea, the queen of Daxam and the mother of Mon-El, in the series Supergirl.

Erica Durance in the series Smallville

Erica Durance portrayed Lois Lane in the television series Smallville. The character was described as sophisticated, street smart, having worldly experience, and a very capable woman.[15][16] Fiercely independent and a military brat.[17][18]

On casting Lois for the series, “we wanted to make sure we did it right. [Margot Kidder] was the gold standard, so we wanted to find somebody who had that combination of being very pretty, but also very smart, and with a wit,” Alfred Gough said.[18] Producer Kelly Souders said Durance was cast in the role because “she had attitude but at the same time was totally lovable.”[19] Souders noted that Lois was one of the most difficult characters to play “because she’s super-opinionated, extremely bright and a little abrupt, and at the same time she has to be likable.”[20]

Series creators Alfred Gough and Miles Millar state that it was always their intention to bring Lois Lane into the series and were finally able to get the character in season 4, with restrictions that only allowed her character to appear on the show for a few episodes, which expand to half a season. Warner Bros. Television Studios chairman Peter Roth lifted the restrictions, allowing her character to become a permanent cast member in the series.[21] Due to the then-upcoming film Superman Return, Warner Bros. also forbid any romantic interaction between Clark and Lois.[18]

Lois first appeared in season four as the cousin of Chloe Sullivan. The series explored her progression from rebellious teenager to resolute investigative reporter. She began as an annoyance to Clark Kent during season four, but slowly their relationship evolved with Lois demonstrating an insight into Clark even in his more private moments. Eventually, she became his love interest in season eight and his fiancée in the final tenth season. Clark and Lois had a wedding in the series finale, but the ceremony was interrupted by the coming of Darkseid and Apokolips. The series ends with Clark finally becoming Superman, and a flash forward seven years into the future, where Clark and Lois are still working at the Daily Planet and still trying to find the right time to get married.

The television series was adapted and continued in the comic book series Smallville: Season 11. The comic series continues approximately six months after Clark Kent puts on the costume and debuts as Superman to the world. The series continues to follow the lives and adventures of Clark and Lois as a couple and many other Smallville characters, as they face new challenges and villains.

Smallville’s season four DVD box set includes a featurette titled “Being Lois Lane” a retrospective examining the manner in which the character has been depicted over the years in films and television. Three actresses who have portrayed Lois Lane are featured; Noel Neill, Margot Kidder, and Dana Delany.

Durance appeared in a recurring role in the television series Supergirl as Kara’s Kryptonian mother, Alura Zor-El. She reprised her role as Lois Lane in the Arrowverse crossover event “Crisis on Infinite Earths”. Set ten years after the Smallville series, Lois and Clark are now married with young daughters, and Clark gave up his powers to be with his family.

Elizabeth Tulloch played Lois in the Arrowverse and Superman & Lois

Lois Lane appears in the Arrowverse, portrayed by Elizabeth Tulloch.[22] The executive producers described the character as “dogged, determined and brave reporter, a strong partner to Superman and an amazing addition to the Arrowverse of DC characters.”[23]

In the 2018 “Elseworlds” crossover, when John Deegan rewrites reality, Oliver Queen and Barry Allen, with swapped abilities escape Earth-1 and travel to Earth-38 to get help from Kara / Supergirl and meets Clark and Lois at the Kent farm in Smallville. Clark and Lois later go to Earth-1 and assists Supergirl, Green Arrow, and the Flash in fighting John Deegan in the form of a black suit-wearing Superman. After reality is restored and returning to Earth-38, Clark and Lois reveal to Kara that they are expecting a baby and will be returning to Argo City for an extended period. Later, at the Fortress of Solitude, Clark proposes to Lois with a diamond ring made from coal. She happily accepts and kisses him.

In the 2019 crossover “Crisis on Infinite Earths”, Lois and Clark are married and are living on Argo City with their infant son Jonathan. They and their son are forced to evacuate Argo City before it is consumed by the Anti-Monitor’s anti-matter wave. When Jonathan’s escape pod unintentionally ends up on Earth-16 where he was rescued and later taken to the Arrowcave by Earth-16 Oliver Queen, Brainy and Sara Lance help Lois retrieve him. The Kents were killed by the anti-matter and later restored to existence a month later. Lois and Clark helped the earth’s heroes defeat the Anti-Monitor. Following the crisis, the multiverse is restored but changed, with the couple now having two sons.

In 2021, Tulloch reprised her role as Lois Lane with Tyler Hoechlin as Superman/Clark Kent in the television series Superman & Lois. The series portrays a different version of Clark and Lois that appeared in the Arrowverse, with the show set on an alternate Earth and characters and history.[24]

The New Adventures of Superman

[edit]

Joan Alexander returned to voice Lois in the 1960s Filmation animated TV series The New Adventures of Superman.

Lois, along with Superman appear in the animated series The Brady Kids in the episode “Cindy’s Super Friend”. Lois is voiced by Jane Webb.

Lois Lane appears in the Super Friends animated series, voiced by Shannon Farnon. In the episode “Super Friends, Rest in Peace” from the Challenge of the Superfriends season, Lex Luthor and Solomon Grundy hold her and Perry White hostage to lure Superman into a trap. Superman rescues them but is seemingly killed in the process and she mourns, until it is eventually revealed he and the other heroes faked their deaths to fool the villains. In the episode “The Rise and Fall of the Super Friends”, Mister Mxyzptlk summons a living mannequin with Lois’ face that wears a wedding dress and a kryptonite wedding ring to attack Superman. When Superman collapses from the kryptonite, Mxyzptlk makes the mannequin disappear and mocks him.

In The World’s Greatest Super Friends season, she appears in the episode “Lex Luthor Strikes Back”, where she and Jimmy Olsen attempt to interview Lex Luthor in prison, only for her to discover Jimmy has been replaced by Luthor’s assistant Orville Grump. Orville and Luthor use a device to swap Lois and Luthor’s appearances, then lock her in his cell while Luthor and Orville leave pretending to be Lois and Jimmy. Fortunately, Superman confirms her identity with his x-ray vision, restores her appearance, and releases her.

In the 1980s Super Friends series in the episode “The Ice Demon”, Lois investigates a mysterious Ice Monster story with Clark Kent. She cameos in the episodes “The Bride of Darkseid”, “Reflections in Crime”, and “Mr. Mxyzptlk and the Magic Lamp” in the Super Friends: The Legendary Super Powers Show season, voiced by Mary McDonald Lewis.

Ginny McSwain voiced Lois in the 1988 animated Saturday morning television series Superman produced by Ruby-Spears Productions.

DC Animated Universe

[edit]

Superman: The Animated Series

[edit]

Dana Delany voiced Lois Lane in Superman: The Animated Series, Justice League and Justice League Unlimited

Actress Dana Delany voiced Lois Lane in Superman: The Animated Series (1996-2000). Delany was cast in the role after the producers were impressed by her performance as Andrea Beaumont in Batman: Mask of the Phantasm (1993). Delany based her performance on Rosalind Russell’s character in the film His Girl Friday.[25] In this version, series creator Bruce Timm and character designer James Tucker portrayed the character more like her original Golden Age comic counterpart, in that at first her relationship with Clark Kent was very much a rivalry about which was the better reporter. She would at times actively attempt to trick him out of stories. But Lois eventually learns to respect Clark, and in episodes like “The Late Mr. Kent” takes a faked death of Clark significantly hard, admitting to Superman that she regretted never telling her rival she respected him as a reporter and really liked him. In this version, Lois constantly teases Clark by calling him “Smallville” (a line since adapted for mainstream comics).

At first skeptical about Superman, Lois grows closer to him throughout the series. Lois had mentioned that she previously dated Lex Luthor before she dumped him. In the three-part episode “World’s Finest”, Wayne Enterprises CEO Bruce Wayne arrives in Metropolis and starts a relationship with Lois. Lois actually considers moving to Gotham City and transferring to the Daily Planet branch there much to Clark’s dismay. She ends the relationship after discovering that Bruce is Batman, stating she can’t be a part of his secret life, although in “The Demon Reborn” she tells Bruce that she had second thoughts about the relationship and almost called him several times. Superman and Lois did not share their first kiss until the final moments of this animated series’ last episode “Legacy” (although Lois had kissed an alternate version of Superman in the episode “Brave New Metropolis”).

Lois also appeared in the comic book series Superman Adventures and is based on Superman: The Animated Series. The comic book series ran from November 1996 to April 2002.

Lois makes a cameo appearance in the Batman Beyond episode “Out of the Past”. Her picture is shown on a file in the Batcomputer kept by Bruce Wayne, alongside pictures of his other romances in his younger days.

Justice League and Justice League Unlimited

[edit]

Reprised by Dana Delany, Lois appeared in the DC Animated Universe series Justice League and its follow-up series Justice League Unlimited. In Justice League Unlimited, Superman and Lois have started dating.

Krypto the Superdog

[edit]

Lois, voiced by Kelly Sheridan makes several cameo appearances in Krypto the Superdog.

Dana Delany reprised her role as Lois in The Batman two-part episode “The Batman/Superman Story”. Lois and Jimmy Olsen are in Gotham City reporting on Superman’s visit to deliver a check from Metropolis. When Metallo attacks Superman, Lois and Jimmy follow the fight to the junkyard. After Batman and Superman defeat Metallo, she asks for an interview. Back in Metropolis, she is kidnapped by Clayface and Black Mask for Lex Luthor to lure and infuriate Superman. After being rescued, Lois tells Superman that Black Mask was working with Luthor, Superman leaves to confront Luthor.

Batman: The Brave and the Bold

[edit]

Lois appears in Batman: The Brave and the Bold, voiced by Sirena Irwin. She is first seen in the episode “Battle of the Superheroes!”, being captured by Lex Luthor, only to be saved by Batman. When Lois unknowingly receives a Red Kryptonite necklace, it causes Superman to turn evil. She and Jimmy Olsen were rescued by Krypto when Superman attacked their protest march. Batman and Krypto had to fight Superman until the effects of the Red Kryptonite wore off. Lois and Jimmy were present when Batman and Superman found the real Luthor since the one that was arrested before was one of Luthor’s robotic duplicates.

Voiced by Dana Delany, “Vilsi Vaylar”, a character based on Lois and Vicki Vale, appears in the episode “The Super-Batman of Planet X!”. She is a reporter for the Solar Cycle Globe on the planet Zur-En-Arrh.

Tales of Metropolis

[edit]

Maria Bamford voiced Lois in Tales of Metropolis, a series of shorts that aired on Cartoon Network as part of the DC Nation animations. In the episode “Lois” she chases Batman across Metropolis and Gotham City seeking an interview with him. Lois also appears in the episode “Bizarro”.

DC Super Hero Girls

[edit]

  • In the web series DC Super Hero Girls, Lois is a news reporter voiced by Alexis G. Zall. Her character also appeared in the comic books and the animated films related to the series.
  • In Cartoon Network’s DC Super Hero Girls animated series, Grey Griffin voiced Lois Lane. Lois is a student at Metropolis High and editor-in-chief of the school newspaper “Daily Planetoid”. Lois hopes to get an internship at the Daily Planet and writes and reports local news and events in Metropolis, including the heroic deeds of the Super Hero Girls. In the episode “#BreakingNews”, she uncovers the civilian identities of the team, but decides against making them public.

Justice League Action

[edit]

Lois appears in Justice League Action, voiced by Tara Strong. In the episode “Race Against Crime”, she hosts a charity race between Superman and the Flash sponsored by Bruce Wayne. She also makes minor appearances in the episodes “Forget Me Not” and “Plastic Man of Steel”.

Lois appears in Young Justice animated series, voiced by Grey DeLisle. In the third season episode “Home Fires”, Lois and her son Jon arrive at Iris West’s home for a playdate with the children of other superheroes. In the episode “I Know Why the Caged Cat Sings”, Lois, Clark, and Jon are in Smallville at the Kent farm for a family gathering and mourning the death of Conner Kent. In the series finale, “Death and Rebirth”, Clark and Lois reveal to Jon that Conner is alive. The Kent family later attends Conner and Miss Martian’s wedding in Smallville.

Natalie Morales voiced Lois Lane in the animated series Harley Quinn. In the episode “Finding Mr. Right”, Harley Quinn and her crew tie up Lois at the Daily Planet and try to get her to retract an article written about Harley. But Lois is unconcerned and laughs off Harley’s threats. When Superman shows up, Harley tries to convince him to be Harley’s nemesis. When Robin arrives, Superman decides to step aside and let Robin fight Harley. Harley is so insulted that she and her crew leave. Lois and Superman later go on a date at a sushi restaurant, while watching Harley, Poison Ivy, Batman, and Joker fight on TV.

My Adventures with Superman

[edit]

In the animated series My Adventures with Superman Alice Lee voices Lois Lane

Alice Lee voices Lois Lane in the animated series My Adventures with Superman with Jack Quaid as Superman/Clark Kent.[26][27] Producer Josie Campbell said that Lee had the ambitious energy they wanted for Lois and was “go-getting and funny and ad-libbing a little bit”.[28] In the series, Lois also has Korean heritage[29][30] and is described as dedicated, driven, smart and funny.

In the episode “Kiss Kiss Fall In Portal”, Lois, Clark, and Jimmy meet the “League of Lois Lanes”, an interdimensional peacekeeping force founded by Lois Prime, the first Lois to discover the multiverse. The episode and the League of Lois Lanes was created as a “love letter to EVERY version of Lois and Superman” and pays homage to past animated Superman series, including the Fleischer Superman cartoons (Earth 12) and Superman: The Animated Series (Earth 508).[31]

Fleischer Superman cartoons

[edit]

Lois in the animated short The Mechanical Monsters (1941) voiced by Joan Alexander

The first animated adaptation of Superman, Fleischer and Famous Studios produced seventeen Superman theatrical cartoons from 1941 to 1943. Fleischer Studios produced the first nine animated short and Famous Studios made the final eight. The first cartoon, Superman, was nominated for an Academy Award in 1942. The animated shorts are considered to be some of the best animations during the Golden age of American animation. Lois Lane was voiced by Joan Alexander who played the character on the Superman radio series.

Superman: Brainiac Attacks

[edit]

Lois appears in the animated feature film Superman: Brainiac Attacks (2006), voiced by Dana Delany. The film shares its visual style and much of its voice cast with Superman: The Animated Series, but is not intended to be canon to the DC Animated Universe.

Cindy Robinson voiced Lois in the 2009 motion comic Superman: Red Son based on the comic book mini-series of the same name by Mark Millar.

DC Universe animated original movies

[edit]

Anne Heche voiced Lois Lane in the animated feature film Superman: Doomsday (2007). Adapted from the DC Comics storyline “The Death of Superman”. In the film, Lois is in a relationship with Superman but is only “unofficially” aware of his identity as Clark Kent. It’s only after Superman’s death that Lois reveals to Martha Kent that she knows her son is Superman. After Superman’s resurrection, he finally reveals his secret identity to Lois (telling her that he was a Spelling Bee champion while growing up in Smallville). Lois reacted by leaping into Clark’s arms and kissing him.

Justice League: The New Frontier

[edit]

Kyra Sedgwick voiced Lois in the animated film Justice League: The New Frontier (2008), based on Darwyn Cooke’s comic book series of the same name.

Superman/Batman: Public Enemies

[edit]

Lois makes a cameo appearance in the animated film Superman/Batman: Public Enemies (2009).

Christina Hendricks voiced Lois Lane in the animated feature film All-Star Superman (2011), based on the acclaimed comic book series of the same name by Grant Morrison.[32]

Justice League: Doom

[edit]

Lois appears in Justice League: Doom (2012), voiced by Grey DeLisle. She calls Clark Kent about a man committing suicide by jumping off a building and asks the Justice League for help when the man turns out to be a disguised Metallo and shoots Superman with a Kryptonite bullet.

Superman vs. The Elite

[edit]

Pauley Perrette voiced Lois Lane in the animated feature film Superman vs. The Elite (2012), based on the comic book story “What’s So Funny About Truth, Justice & the American Way?”.

Stana Katic voiced Lois Lane in the animated feature film Superman: Unbound (2013), based on the comic book story arc “Superman: Brainiac” by Geoff Johns and Gary Frank.

Justice League: The Flashpoint Paradox

[edit]

Dana Delaney reprised her role as Lois Lane in the animated film Justice League: The Flashpoint Paradox (2013),[33] adapted from the comic book crossover storyline “Flashpoint”.

Justice League: Throne of Atlantis

[edit]

Juliet Landau voiced Lois in the animated film Justice League: Throne of Atlantis (2015).

Justice League: Gods and Monsters

[edit]

Paget Brewster voiced an alternate universe version of Lois Lane in the animated film Justice League: Gods and Monsters (2015). This version is a news reporter for “PLANETNWZ.COM” and a harsh critic of the Justice League’s violent and destructive method (due to her skepticism about the League and her father’s death caused by one of Superman’s confrontations, as revealed in the prequel comic). She changes her mind about them after they stop Dr. Magnus from taking over the world. Lois also appears in the tie-in comic book series and the web series Justice League: Gods and Monsters Chronicles.

The Death of Superman and Reign of the Supermen

[edit]

Lois Lane plays a prominent role in the two-part animated films The Death of Superman (2018) and Reign of the Supermen (2019), voiced by Rebecca Romijn. Romijn’s husband Jerry O’Connell voiced Superman/Clark Kent in the films. The films are based on the acclaimed DC comic story arc and the second animated adaptations of The Death and Return of Superman. DC Comics also released a tie-in digital comic miniseries.

In the animated film Batman: Hush (2019) Romijn and O’Connell reprise their roles as Lois and Superman/Clark. After Batman and Catwoman track Poison Ivy to Metropolis, Lois and Clark meet Bruce Wayne at the Daily Planet. When Poison Ivy takes control of Superman, she orders him to kill Batman and Catwoman. Batman stalls Superman while Catwoman pushes Lois off the Daily Planet building, Superman breaks free of Poison Ivy’s control and saves Lois.

Amy Acker voiced Lois Lane in the animated film Superman: Red Son (2020) based on the comic book mini-series written by Mark Millar. Raised in the Soviet Union, Superman becomes the champion of the people, and is dub by the American media the “Soviet Superman”. Lois is married to Lex Luthor. She meets Superman when he prevents a satellite from crashing into Metropolis and interviews him on the roof of the Daily Planet, where she shows him documents of secret Soviet gulag. This leads Superman to confront Joseph Stalin, becoming the new leader of the Soviet Union and spreading the influence of the Soviet state. Years later, Luthor becomes President of the United States with Lois as the press secretary and Vice President James Olsen ushers in a new age of prosperity in the United States that threatens Superman and the Soviet dominance.

Justice League Dark: Apokolips War

[edit]

Romijn and O’Connell reprise their roles as Lois and Superman/Clark in the animated film Justice League Dark: Apokolips War (2020). Two years after a failed preemptive strike by the Justice League against Darkseid, Darkseid’s forces have taken over Earth and Earth is in ruin. Superman has lost his powers after Darkseid infused liquid Kryptonite into his body. Lois helped recruited members of the Suicide Squad led by Harley Quinn. Superman and his wife Lois and the remaining heroes on Earth form a plan to stop the “Reapers”, devices used by Darkseid to drain Earth’s magma which will destabilize and destroy the planet. Lois also assists the team in stopping the Paradooms’ assault at the LexCorp building before she sets the building to be self-destructed, sacrificing herself. Her death causes much grief to Superman to the point he frees himself from Trigon’s possession.

Superman: Man of Tomorrow

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In the animated film Superman: Man of Tomorrow (2020), Alexandra Daddario voiced Lois Lane. An original story written by Tim Sheridan, featuring a young Clark Kent still early in his career as Superman and working as an intern for the Daily Planet and learning on the job how to save the city of Metropolis. At the start of the film, during a Lexcorp event at S.T.A.R. Labs, Luthor is arrested by the authority when Lois (a recipient of Luthor journalism scholarship) plays a tape recording of Luthor’s illegal dealings. Lois, a grad student, is hired by Perry White at the Daily Planet and meets Clark Kent. She later interviews Lobo at S.T.A.R. Labs and live streams the final battle between Superman and Parasite at a nuclear power plant.

Laura Bailey voiced Lois in the animated film Injustice (2021).[34] Based on the video game Injustice: Gods Among Us and the comic book series of the same name, the film follows a grief-stricken Superman who goes rogue and starts to enforce peace and order on earth after the Joker tricked Superman into killing his wife Lois and their unborn child and detonating a nuclear bomb that destroys Metropolis. At the end of the film, Mister Terrific brings a version of Lois from Earth-9, who is also pregnant and lost her husband Superman, and reminds him that every life is sacred. Realizing how far he has fallen, Superman willingly surrenders and agrees to be imprisoned.

Batman and Superman: Battle of the Super Sons

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Laura Bailey voiced Lois Lane in the animated film Batman and Superman: Battle of the Super Sons (2022).

Justice League: Crisis on Infinite Earths

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Alexandra Daddario reprised her role as Lois Lane in the three part animated films Justice League: Crisis on Infinite Earths (2024).[35]

Lego DC Comics films

[edit]

Lois Lane appears in the Lego DC Comics films, voiced by Grey DeLisle.

Space Jam: A New Legacy

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Lois makes a cameo appearance in the animated film Space Jam: A New Legacy (2021). She appears on the runaway train in Metropolis in the DC world.

DC League of Super-Pets

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In the animated film DC League of Super-Pets (2022), Olivia Wilde voiced Lois Lane, with John Krasinski as Clark Kent/Superman. Lois is a news broadcaster for the Daily Planet. She reports attacks and battles in Metropolis on the Daily Planet news channel. Lois is also dating Superman, who eventually proposes to her, which she happily accepts.

Scooby-Doo! and Krypto, Too!

[edit]

Tara Strong voiced Lois in Scooby-Doo! and Krypto, Too! (2023).[36]

  • Lois appears in the Atari 2600 Superman video game. She serves to restore Superman’s powers if he is hit by one of Lex Luthor’s Kryptonite satellites; depending on the difficulty setting, she will either appear immediately when Superman is hit or the player will have to search for her.
  • Lois appears in the Famicom/NES Superman video game by Kemco. She provides information to Clark Kent throughout the game.
  • Lois, along with Jimmy Olsen and Professor Hamilton, appear in Superman 64 as a hostage of Lex Luthor.
  • Lois appears in Superman: Shadow of Apokolips, voiced again by Dana Delany.
  • Lois appears in Superman: The Man of Steel, voiced by Monica Murray.
  • Lois appears in Superman Returns, voiced by Kate Bosworth.
  • Lois appears in DC Universe Online, voiced by Adriene Mishler.
  • Lois appears as an unlockable playable character in Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes voiced by Bridget Hoffman.
  • Lois appears in Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure.[37]
  • Lois appears in Injustice: Gods Among Us. She appears in Superman’s set of STAR Labs missions where Lex Luthor kidnaps her and appears as a support card for Superman on the iOS version of the game. The game’s events are set off by the Joker killing Lois and destroying Metropolis, driving Superman over the edge.
  • Lois appears as a non-playable character in Lego Dimensions, voiced by Courtenay Taylor. She reports on the merger between Metropolis and Gotham in the game and the players must safely escort her as she does her job.
  • Lois appears as a playable character in Lego DC Super-Villains, voiced by Cissy Jones. She also plays a role in the game’s story, on which she voices her suspicions for the “Justice Syndicate”‘s apparent heroic acts (and also of Kent Clarkson’s true motives). She later appears helping the Justice League and the Legion of Doom expose the Syndicate for who they are by recording a conversation between Flash and Johnny Quick about Darkseid sending the Syndicate to retrieve the last piece of the Anti-Life Equation from Harley Quinn.
  • Lois appears as a non-playable character in DC Super Hero Girls: Teen Power, voiced again by Grey DeLisle.
  • Lois appears in the video game Teen Titans Go Figure!.
  • Lois appears in Justice League: Cosmic Chaos, voiced by Tasia Valenza.
  • Lois appears in the Rocksteady Studios game Suicide Squad: Kill the Justice League, voiced by Seychelle Gabriel. She keeps the city of Metropolis updated of the actions of the Suicide Squad and the possessed Justice League during the course of the game.
  1. ^ Petrou, David Michael (1978). The Making of Superman the Movie. New York, New York: Warner Books. pp. 47, 81. ISBN 0352304529.
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  11. ^ Meredith B., Kile. “Exclusive: Amy Adams and Gal Gadot Are Excited About Amber Heard’s Justice League Casting: ‘I Hope We All Get to Work Together’“. Entertainment Tonight. Archived from the original on October 13, 2016. Retrieved May 20, 2016.
  12. ^ Sintumuang, Kevin (March 19, 2021). “Zack Snyder Answers Every Question You Have About His Justice League Cut”. Esquire.
  13. ^ BREZNICAN, ANTHONY (March 18, 2021). “Zack Snyder Explains That Enigmatic Justice League Ending”. Vanity Fair.
  14. ^ Kroll, Justin (June 27, 2023). “‘Superman: Legacy’: James Gunn Taps David Corenswet And Rachel Brosnahan For Clark Kent And Lois Lane In DC Studios Film”. Deadline Hollywood.
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  21. ^ “Her power! Erica Durance showed up and was there to stay—everyone loved her! She is THE Lois Lane!”. Twitter. November 23, 2023.
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  29. ^ Campbell, Cozy Josie (July 22, 2023). “Also shoutout to @DouHongArt and @intindra for Lois’ hanbok inspired gala outfit! We wanted to reflect our Lois’ Korean heritage, and the design department made a showstopper of a fit”. Twitter.
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classical mechanics – Why do the orbit equations have to be symmetric about two axes even the orbit is not bounded?

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classical mechanics – Why do the orbit equations have to be symmetric about two axes even the orbit is not bounded?

In the book of Classical Mechanics by Goldstein, at page 88, it is given that:

$$
\frac{d^{2} u}{d t^{2}}+u=-\frac{m}{l^{2}} \frac{d}{d u} V\left(\frac{1}{u}\right) .
$$

The preceding equation is such that the resulting orbit is symmetric about two adjacent turning points. To prove this statement, note that i= the orbit is symmetrical.

classical mechanics – Why do the orbit equations have to be symmetric about two axes even the orbit is not bounded?

However, the orbit might not be bounded, so there might not be two turning point; just one. In such a case, how can we argue that the orbit equation always has two turning points and it is symmetric about both axes?