Monitoring Bioprocesses with Raman Spectroscopy

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17 October 2024

Monitoring Bioprocesses with Raman Spectroscopy

Our annual article in Spectroscopy‘s June Raman supplement for 2024 shows how affordable, reliable Raman instruments can be combined with intuitive AI-driven software to achieve noninvasive process monitoring in bioreactors.

Fermentation has long been essential for producing foods like beer, wine, and bread. Modern biotechnology now uses genetically modified microorganisms to create complex molecules, improving efficiency and quality in production. However, contamination remains a challenge, as unwanted microorganisms can reduce yields and increase costs by competing with the desired cell lines.

To overcome these challenges, non-invasive, in-line monitoring techniques are highly desirable. These approaches, such as optical monitoring through a view port, eliminate the need to break the sterile seal of a fermenter, thus reducing the risk of contamination. Additionally, in-line methods offer much faster feedback compared to traditional offline sampling, making them invaluable for maintaining optimal bioprocess conditions in real-time.

One of the most promising emerging technologies for this purpose is Raman spectroscopy. Known for its unparalleled specificity and ease of use, Raman spectroscopy is a powerful tool for monitoring bioprocesses. It is capable of simultaneously detecting multiple chemicals, is insensitive to water, and can be deployed with simple probe-based systems or even through a view port. This makes Raman spectroscopy especially well-suited for applications that demand continuous and accurate monitoring of bioprocesses. Recent technological advancements have made this tool more accessible and affordable, further driving its adoption in biotechnology.

Despite these advantages, one significant hurdle remains—the complexity of transforming spectroscopic data into actionable insights. Chemometric analysis, the process of converting spectral information into quantitative concentration data, can be challenging, particularly for those without specialized training.

Fortunately, new developments in AI-powered analysis software are helping to bridge this gap. By combining affordable, reliable Raman instruments with intuitive AI-driven software, even individuals without deep expertise in spectroscopy can now benefit from in-line Raman measurements. This democratization of the technology opens up a world of possibilities for biotechnology professionals, enabling them to monitor and control their processes with greater ease and precision—from laboratory research to full-scale production.

In this journal article, we show how the integration of Raman spectroscopy with the cutting-edge AI analysis tools available in RamanMetrix^® software can revolutionize the way bioprocesses are monitored to improve yields, reduce contamination risks, and provide a more streamlined path to consistent, high-quality products.

Read the full article in Spectroscopy‘s Raman supplement, June 2024:
Real-Time Chemometric Analysis of Multicomponent Bioprocesses Using Raman Spectroscopy

To read more articles where Raman spectroscopy is used in healthcare, medicine and other bioprocesses, click here.

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geophysics – How is the mass of the Earth determined?

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17 October 2024

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geophysics – How is the mass of the Earth determined?

Note: I updated this answer to include a description of the historical techniques.

Historical Techniques

Newton developed his theory of gravitation primarily to explain the motions of the bodies that form the solar system. He also realized that while gravity makes the Earth orbit the Sun and the Moon orbit the Earth, it is also responsible for apples falling from trees. Everything attracts everything else, gravitationally. That suggested that one could in theory measure the gravitational attraction between a pair of small spheres. Newton himself realized this, but he didn’t think it was very practical. Certainly not two small spheres (Newton 1846):

Whence a sphere of one foot in diameter, and of a like nature to the
earth, would attract a small body placed near its surface with a force
20000000 times less than the earth would do if placed near its surface;
but so small a force could produce no sensible effect. If two such spheres
were distant but by 1 of an inch, they would not, even in spaces void of
resistance, come together by the force of their mutual attraction in less
than a month’s time; and less spheres will come together at a rate yet
slower, namely in the proportion of their diameters.

Maybe a mountain?

Nay, whole mountains will not be sufficient to produce any sensible effect. A mountain of an hemispherical figure, three miles high, and six broad, will not, by its attraction, draw the pendulum two minutes out of the true perpendicular :
and it is only in the great bodies of the planets that these forces are to be
perceived, …

Newton’s idea on the impracticality of such tiny measurements would turn out to be incorrect. Little did Newton know that the scientific revolution that he himself helped propel would quickly make such tiny measurements possible.

Weighing the Earth using mountains

The first attempt to “weigh the Earth” was made during the French geodesic mission to Peru by Pierre Bouguer, Charles Marie de La Condamine, and Louis Godin. Their primary mission was to determine the shape of the Earth. Did the Earth have an equatorial bulge, as predicted by Newton? (The French had sent a different team to Lapland to accomplish the same end.) Bouguer used the trip as an opportunity to test Newton’s suggestion that a mountain would deflect a plumb bob from surveyed normal. He chose Chimborazo as the subject mountain. Unfortunately, the measurements came up completely wrong. The plumb bob was deflected, but in the wrong direction. Bouguer measured a slight deflection away from the mountain (Beeson, webpage).

The next attempt was the Schiehallion experiment. While surveying the Mason-Dixon line, Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon found that occasionally their calibrations just couldn’t be made to agree with one another. The cause was that their plumb bobs occasionally deviated from surveyed normal. This discovery led to the Schiehallion experiment conducted by Nevil Maskelyne. Unlike Bouguer, Maskelyne did get a positive result, a deflection of 11.6 arc seconds, and in the right direction. The observed deflections led Maskelyne to conclude that the mean density of the Earth is 4.713 times that of water (von Zittel 1914).

It turns out that Newton’s idea of using a mountain is fundamentally flawed. Others tried to repeat these experiments using other mountains. Many measured a negative deflection, as did Bouguer. There’s a good reason for this. For the same reason that we only see a small part of an iceberg (the bulk is underwater), we only see a small part of a mountain. The bulk of the mountain is inside the Earth. A huge isolated mountain should make a plumb bob deviate away from the mountain.

Weighing the Earth using small masses

So if using mountains is dubious, what does that say about the dubiousness of using small masses that would take months to approach one another even if separated by mere inches?

This turned out to be a very good idea. Those small masses are controllable and their masses can be measured to a high degree of accuracy. There’s no need to wait until they collide. Simply measure the force they exert upon one another.

This idea was the basis for the Cavendish experiment (Cavendish 1798). Cavendish used two small and two large lead spheres. The two small spheres were hung from opposite ends of a horizontal wooden arm. The wooden arm in turn was suspended by a wire. The two large spheres were mounted on a separate device that he could turn to bring a large sphere very close to a small sphere. This close separation resulted in a gravitational force between the small and large spheres, which in turn caused the wire holding the wooden arm to twist. The torsion in the wire acted to counterbalance this gravitational force. Eventually the system settled to an equilibrium state. He measured the torsion by observing the angular deviation of the arm from its untwisted state. He calibrated this torsion by a different set of measurements. Finally, by weighing those lead spheres Cavendish was able to calculate the mean density of the Earth.

Note that Cavendish did not measure the universal gravitational constant G. There is no mention of a gravitational constant in Cavendish’s paper. The notion that Cavendish measured G is a bit of historical revisionism. The modern notation of Newton’s law of universal gravitation, $F=\frac {GMm}{r^2}$, simply did not exist in Cavendish’s time. It wasn’t until 75 years after Cavendish’s experiments that Newton’s law of universal gravitation was reformulated in terms of the gravitational constant G. Scientists of Newton’s and Cavendish’s times wrote in terms of proportionalities rather than using a constant of proportionality.

The very intent of Cavendish’s experiment was to “weigh” the Earth, and that is exactly what he did.

Modern Techniques

If the Earth was spherical, if there were no other perturbing effects such as gravitational acceleration toward the Moon and Sun, and if Newton’s theory of gravitation was correct, the period of a small satellite orbiting the Earth is given by Kepler’s third law: $\left( \frac T {2\pi} \right)^2 = \frac {a^3}{GM_E}$ . Here $T$ is the satellite’s period, $a$ is the satellite’s semi-major axis (orbital radius), $G$ is the universal gravitational constant, and $M_E$ is the mass of the Earth.

From this, it’s easy solve for the product $G M_E$ if the period $T$ and the orbital radius $a$ are known: $G M_E = \left( \frac {2\pi} T \right)^2 a^3$. To calculate the mass of the Earth, all one needs to do is divide by $G$. There’s a catch, though. If the product is $G M_E$ is known to a high degree of accuracy (and it is), dividing by $G$ will lose a lot of accuracy because the gravitational constant $G$ is only known to four decimal places of accuracy. This lack of knowledge of $G$ inherently plagues any precise measurement of the mass of the Earth.

I put a lot of caveats on this calculation:

The Earth isn’t spherical. The Earth is better modeled as an oblate spheroid. That equatorial bulge perturbs the orbits of satellites (as do deviations from the oblate spheroid model).
The Earth isn’t alone in the universe. Gravitation from the Moon and Sun (and the other planets) perturb the orbits of satellites. So does radiation from the Sun and from the Earth.
Newton’s theory of gravitation is only approximately correct. Einstein’s theory of general relativity provides a better model. Deviations between Newton’s and Einstein’s theories become observable given precise measurements over a long period of time.

These perturbations need to be taken into account, but the basic idea still stands: One can “weigh the Earth” by precisely observing a satellite for a long period of time. What’s needed is a satellite specially suited to that purpose. Here it is:

This is LAGEOS-1, launched in 1976. An identical twin, LAGEOS-2, was deployed in 1992. These are extremely simple satellites. They have no sensors, no effectors, no communications equipment, no electronics. They are completely passive satellites. They are just solid brass balls 60 cm in diameter, covered with retroreflectors.

Instead, of having the satellite make measurements, people on the ground aim lasers at the satellites. That the satellites are covered with retroreflectors means some of the laser light that hits a satellite will be reflected back to the source. Precisely timing the delay between the emission and the reception of the reflected light gives a precise measure of the distance to the satellite. Precisely measuring the frequency change between the transmitted signal and the return signal gives a precise measure of the rate at which the distance is changing.

By accumulating these measurements over time, scientists can very precisely determine these satellites orbits, and from that they can “weigh the Earth”. The current estimate of the product $G M_E$ is $G M_E=398600.4418 \pm 0.0009 \ \text{km}^3/\text{s}^2$. (NIMA 2000). That tiny error means this is accurate to 8.6 decimal places. Almost all of the error in the mass of the Earth is going to come from the uncertainty in $G$.

References

M. Beeson, “Bouguer fails to weigh the Earth” (webpage)

H. Cavendish, “Experiments to determine the Density of the Earth,” Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London, 88 (1798) 469-526

I. Newton (translated by A. Motte), Principia, The System of the World (1846)

NIMA Technical Report TR8350.2, “Department of Defense World Geodetic System 1984, Its Definition and Relationships With Local Geodetic Systems”, Third Edition, January 2000

K. von Zittel (translated by M. Ogilvie-Gordon), “History of Geology and Palæontology to the End of the Nineteenth Century,” (1914)

Talk:Lucas–Lehmer primality test: Difference between revisions

By

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17 October 2024

0

Recent Developments

[edit]

In 2024, Moustafa Ibrahim introduced a new combinatorial approach in his paper, Generalizing the Eight Levels Theorem: A Journey to Mersenne Prime Discoveries and New Polynomial Classes. The paper showed that for any prime number $p\geq 5$ , and defining $n$ as $2^{p-1}$ , the number $2^{p}-1$ is a Mersenne prime if and only if it divides the following expression:

\displaystyle \sum _{k=0,k{\text{ even}}}^{\lfloor {n/2}\rfloor }(-1)^{\lfloor {k/2}\rfloor }{\frac {\prod _{\lambda =0}^{\lfloor {k/2}\rfloor -1}[n^{2}-(4\lambda )^{2}]}{k!}}

This finding offers a fresh perspective on Mersenne primes through a combinatorial approach.^[1] — Preceding unsigned comment added by ProfMoustafa (talk • contribs) 18:52, 16 October 2024 (UTC)[reply]

there is a mistake in the article , it supposed to :
$s_{p-1}\equiv 0{\pmod {M_{p}}};$
not :
$s_{p-2}\equiv 0{\pmod {M_{p}}};$

—The preceding unsigned comment was added by 85.250.124.207 (talk • contribs) 07:26, 4 November 2005 (UTC).[reply]

I disagree.

M_{3}

is prime and also

s_{1}\equiv 0{\pmod {M_{3}}}

. That is,

14\equiv 0{\pmod {7}}

. However,

s_{2}\ \not \equiv \ 0{\pmod {M_{3}}}

; equivalently,

194\ \not \equiv \ 0{\pmod {7}}

. Therefore I think the article is correct as is stands. Eric119 03:35, 5 November 2005 (UTC)[reply]

$s_{0}=4$ , so is $s_{p-2}\equiv 0{\pmod {M_{p}}}$ and not $s_{p-1}\equiv 0{\pmod {M_{p}}}$ .

I think it might help some people by giving an example of how the Lucas-Lehmer test can prove primality of say… 2^5-1, for instance. As the article stands, not many people without prior experience of advanced mathematical notation and terms, would be able to take anything useful from this.

Great idea. Dcoetzee 03:24, 10 May 2007 (UTC)[reply]

-Yeah I’d like to see this in simple English. Sorry for not knowing wiki markup and doing this officially. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.32.150.222 (talk) 00:22, 11 November 2012 (UTC)[reply]

I’m a bit confused about the high speed mod operation.
The article gives this example:

916 mod 2⁵−1 = 1110010100 mod 2⁵−1

= 11100 + 10100 mod 2⁵−1 
= 110000 mod 2⁵−1 
= 1 + 10000 mod 2⁵−1 
= 10001 mod 2⁵−1 
= 10001 
= 17.

However if I try it with 14 mod 7 I get this:
14 mod 2³−1

= 1110 mod 2³−1 
= 1 + 110 mod 2³−1 
= 111 mod 2³−1 
= 7.

Now I know that 7 mod 7 is 0, but how does the ggiven algo generate a zero ?
Thanks —Preceding unsigned comment added by 149.173.6.50 (talk) 15:25, 20 November 2007 (UTC)[reply]

That’s a good observation, actually – it’s possible for the result to be exactly 2ⁿ−1, in which case you have to change it to zero. If it were any larger, you’d reduce it by doing another iteration. Dcoetzee 01:23, 21 November 2007 (UTC)[reply]

I think, there are little problems whit this reasoning.
First of all, if the modulo operation gives us 0 as a result, then this leads to the next:
We arrive at 0, then we square it, it becomes 0 again, then we substract 2, then it is -2.
Now, due to the [[1]] article, we can define the modulo of -2, so:

-2 = M_p-2 (mod M_p)

but this computation, namely, that we add M_p to the resutl to get a positive integer is much different from the algorithm described in this article.

Morover, this article states:

“since s × s will never exceed M² < 2^2p”

This statement eables, that the value after the squaring operation be M2^2p, and thus, the value before the squaring operation be M². So if the resutlt after the modulo operation is M_p, then we dont’t need to convert it to 0.

So it would be needed to clarify this article on my opinion.

Is there any reason why we write Zq(sqrt(3)) out explicitly, instead of just calling it an extension field? What’s more, if sqrt(3) is in the field, there is no extension and we should just use Zq, whose multiplicative group has order q-1; otherwise, it’s an extension field and its multiplicative group has order q^2-1. I suppose you could “extend” it, to get a group with order q(q-1), but it’s not clearer that way, at least not to a mathematician. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.142.4.173 (talk) 18:15, 27 June 2009 (UTC)[reply]

I removed “They consider it valuable for finding very large primes because Mersenne numbers are considered somewhat more likely to be prime than randomly chosen odd integers of the same order of magnitude,” because it’s simply not true. There have been exactly 47 Mersenne primes, and the first 40 are known to have none in between – out of 1.3 million or so possibilities checked. Your average odd integer has a way higher probability of being prime, hence why we only use the Lucas-Lehmer test to look for the biggest ones, not for large amounts of primes to use for other purposes. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.147.216.149 (talk) 04:16, 10 December 2010 (UTC)[reply]

I agree it should be removed but don’t agree with the stated reason. The chance of a random integer n being prime is 1/log(n). If n is odd then it doubles to 2/log(n). A Mersenne number with prime exponent has a better chance because 2^p-1 has no prime factors below 2p. If random odd integers of similar size as the Mersenne numbers were tested then the expected number of primes up to the 40th Mersenne prime would only have been 9. However, this is not the reason for GIMPS to test Mersenne numbers. PrimeHunter (talk) 14:06, 10 December 2010 (UTC)[reply]

Lehmer and his wife Emma “bought a Monroe electric desk calculator on the instalment plan, but could only run it in the day as it blinked the lights in their house and the one next door. … which Lehmer spent some 700 hours in testing c1932″[2].

“In 1922, Monroe introduced the electric version of its Model K non-printing calculating machine. It had a large external driving motor.” according to [3]

[4]: “932 D. H. Lehmer develops an improved version of Lucas’ test and shows that M257 is not prime, taking two hours a day for a year.”

Finest source, worth looking at [5]: “Emma and Dick moved to Lehigh University in 1932, … The work by the Lehmers was funded by a Penrose Scholarship granted to Vandiver by the American Philosophical Society. Part of the money went to renting a 10-10-20 electric Monroe machine xnumber/pic_monroe_electr.htm at a cost of US$25 per month.” – The pictures shows a somewhat smaller model K with just 8-8-16 digits. I can well imagine that the bigger model’s motor made the lights flicker at meager 110 Volt supply. – Fritz Jörn (talk) 08:02, 16 February 2013 (UTC)[reply]

Hi, I think mine is simpler

$(1+{\sqrt {3}})^{2}=2(2+{\sqrt {3}})$
$2^{2^{q-1}}(2+{\sqrt {3}})^{2^{q-1}}=(1+{\sqrt {3}})^{M_{q}+1}\equiv (1+{\sqrt {3}})(1+{\sqrt {3}}^{M_{q}})\equiv (1+{\sqrt {3}})(1-{\sqrt {3}})=-2$
$2^{2^{q-1}}=2^{\frac {M_{q}+1}{2}}=2$
thus $(2+{\sqrt {3}})^{2^{q-1}}=w^{\frac {M_{q}+1}{2}}\equiv -1{\pmod {M_{q}}}$

Dear Wikipedia Administrators,

I am writing to request immediate intervention concerning the baseless and inappropriate accusations made against my recent contributions. As a specialist in number theory with a doctorate in the field, I am deeply offended by the unfounded claims questioning my relationship with the subject matter of Mersenne primes and the legitimacy of my publication.

The comment made in the public discussion suggests that I have no connection to the topic, which is entirely false. My career, research, and achievements revolve around number theory, including significant contributions to the study of Mersenne primes. This is well-documented through my work, including invited lectures at prestigious universities and my doctorate from an institution affiliated with the Isaac Newton Institute in Cambridge.

Moreover, the claim that the journal in which my work was published is a “predatory journal” is both defamatory and incorrect. The Arab Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences is a highly reputable journal governed by strict peer-review standards, including a rigorous two-reviewer process for my publication. The journal is also under the supervision of the British publishing house Taylor & Francis. Not only did I not pay any fees for publication, but the claim that my work lacks peer review is baseless.

The user’s accusations are not only harmful to me personally, but they also impede the dissemination of accurate mathematical knowledge to the public. I contributed the information to share an important development in the understanding of Mersenne primes, a topic that is vital to the broader mathematical community.

I urge Wikipedia to address this blatant misuse of its platform for personal attacks and to uphold the principles of integrity and fairness. Allowing such comments to persist harms the credibility of Wikipedia as a trusted source of knowledge. I kindly request that you remove the defamatory remarks and take appropriate action against the user responsible for this unfounded attack.

Thank you for your attention to this matter, and I look forward to your prompt response.

Sincerely,
Dr. Moustafa Ibrahim
Doctor of Number Theory, Researcher and Speaker on Mersenne Primes — Preceding unsigned comment added by ProfMoustafa (talk • contribs)

The whole section should be promptly removed as it was shamelessly plugged by that “author”. The referred article is a paid publication in a predatory journal (fee-for-publishing, no peer review).

Inserted by this edit – https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lucas%E2%80%93Lehmer_primality_test&diff=1250825439&oldid=1221898013 Serge Batalov (talk) 04:21, 16 October 2024 (UTC)[reply]

He keeps inserting his drivel.

I suggest locking the article.

The “ProfMoustafa”‘s edit has no relation to the subject of this article. Serge Batalov (talk) 07:16, 16 October 2024 (UTC)[reply]

I would like to clarify that the referenced article underwent rigorous peer review by two independent referees before publication. I did not pay any fees for the publication, and the journal follows a transparent policy like many other reputable open-access journals. Attempts to suppress this important discovery only serve to limit the public’s access to knowledge. This work represents a significant advancement in our understanding of Mersenne primes and should be openly acknowledged as a valid and valuable contribution to the field. ProfMoustafa (talk) 07:27, 16 October 2024 (UTC)[reply]

Dear Wikipedia Community,

It is concerning that individuals without a background in number theory, like Serge Batalov, are making uninformed claims about highly specialized topics like Mersenne primes. Given his declaration as a biologist, it is questionable how he is allowed to speak on this subject. His comments are detrimental to knowledge dissemination because he may not fully appreciate the complexity of Mersenne primes and their applications. I ask that Wikipedia take steps to prevent individuals who lack the relevant expertise from blocking accurate, peer-reviewed content.

Furthermore, I hope Wikipedia is committed to supporting diverse contributions from all communities, including Arab and Muslim scholars. My research has been peer-reviewed and published, and it is unfortunate to see it dismissed without thoughtful engagement. Please ensure that Wikipedia remains a platform for advancing knowledge inclusively and without discrimination. ProfMoustafa (talk) 18:50, 16 October 2024 (UTC)[reply]

I would like to clarify that the referenced article underwent rigorous peer review by two independent referees before publication. I did not pay any fees for the publication, and the journal follows a transparent policy like many other reputable open-access journals. Attempts to suppress this important discovery only serve to limit the public’s access to knowledge. This work represents a significant advancement in our understanding of Mersenne primes and should be openly acknowledged as a valid and valuable contribution to the field. ProfMoustafa (talk) 07:27, 16 October 2024 (UTC)[reply]

I must clarify several key points regarding my recent contribution. Firstly, I hold a Ph.D. in number theory, and my life’s work has revolved around topics like Mersenne primes. I’ve been an invited speaker at prestigious events, including in New York, and was honored with a full grant from the Isaac Newton Institute in Cambridge, further solidifying my expertise. Additionally, I have served as a referee for highly regarded journals, including the American Mathematical Society’s Mathematical Reviews.

The insinuations in the discussion are not only misleading but also harmful. I have published peer-reviewed papers in reputable journals, including the Arab Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences. The claim that this journal operates on a pay-to-publish basis is incorrect in my case, as I have never paid for my publications there. The paper in question underwent rigorous peer review by two independent experts, confirming its validity.

I would urge Wikipedia to consider whether the person making these false claims has the relevant qualifications to pass judgment on this area of number theory. Their claims reflect a lack of understanding of the subject and undermine the credibility of Wikipedia as an open platform for verified and accurate information.

This contribution to the article is not about self-promotion but about sharing recent developments in the mathematical study of Mersenne primes, an area of significant interest. Removing such content or belittling it through unfounded accusations only serves to hinder the dissemination of knowledge to the public. ProfMoustafa (talk) 15:27, 16 October 2024 (UTC)[reply]

The inserted section has nothing to do with Lucas-Lehmer test (the SUBJECT of the article).

It is like going to the Wiki article about “Bird” and inserting a self-promoting section about “own research” in snakes and snake oil. Serge Batalov (talk) 16:51, 16 October 2024 (UTC)[reply]

=== Dear Wikipedia Community ===

It is concerning that individuals without a background in number theory, like Serge Batalov, are making uninformed claims about highly specialized topics like Mersenne primes. Given his declaration as a biologist, it is questionable how he is allowed to speak on this subject. His comments are detrimental to knowledge dissemination because he may not fully appreciate the complexity of Mersenne primes and their applications. I ask that Wikipedia take steps to prevent individuals who lack the relevant expertise from blocking accurate, peer-reviewed content.

Furthermore, I hope Wikipedia is committed to supporting diverse contributions from all communities, including Arab and Muslim scholars. My research has been peer-reviewed and published, and it is unfortunate to see it dismissed without thoughtful engagement. Please ensure that Wikipedia remains a platform for advancing knowledge inclusively and without discrimination. ProfMoustafa (talk) 18:42, 16 October 2024 (UTC)[reply]

“Given his declaration as a biologist” – and you are talking about ad nominems? That’s rich.

If you don’t understand the difference between biology and computational biology, then you will not understand why computational biologists just received a Nobel prize in application of AI. Serge Batalov (talk) 19:05, 16 October 2024 (UTC)[reply]

Serge,

I appreciate your recognition of computational biology, but I believe you’re misunderstanding my focus. While Nobel recognition in AI applications to biology is commendable, Mersenne primes are a different field. We can all contribute to our respective disciplines without underestimating each other’s expertise. It would be beneficial for everyone if you concentrated on your achievements in computational biology and AI, while those of us in mathematics work towards advancing number theory and solving conjectures like the Mersenne prime problem.

It’s disappointing that you underestimated my contributions, especially given that I specialize in number theory and Mersenne primes. If computational biology is your focus, then perhaps solving Mersenne conjectures should be left to those of us dedicated to it. Blocking legitimate, peer-reviewed research undermines the core values of Wikipedia as an unbiased platform for knowledge sharing. I encourage you to focus on your field and stop blocking relevant contributions for the benefit of certain agencies or personal agendas.

Best regards,

Dr. Moustafa Ibrahim ProfMoustafa (talk) 19:17, 16 October 2024 (UTC)[reply]

Then do you understand that you are confusing scientific publishing with jamming your article down people’s throats who simply came to read precisiely about Lucas-Lehmer test?

Your content is irrelevant. Stop re-posting it. Serge Batalov (talk) 20:44, 16 October 2024 (UTC)[reply]

We have already discussed your article at mersenneforum dot org. Do you recollect that? What your article does is saying: I invented the new way of calculating 10 times 10. You simply add four 25 times! How is that better? Is that new? Is that effective? No. Is it false? No. Having no practical use? Yes. Serge Batalov (talk) 20:48, 16 October 2024 (UTC)[reply]

=== Recent Developments ===

In 2024, Moustafa Ibrahim introduced a new combinatorial approach in his paper, Generalizing the Eight Levels Theorem: A Journey to Mersenne Prime Discoveries and New Polynomial Classes. The paper showed that for any prime number

p\geq 5

, and defining

n

as

2^{p-1}

, the number

2^{p}-1

is a Mersenne prime if and only if it divides the following expression:

\displaystyle \sum _{k=0,k{\text{ even}}}^{\lfloor {n/2}\rfloor }(-1)^{\lfloor {k/2}\rfloor }{\frac {\prod _{\lambda =0}^{\lfloor {k/2}\rfloor -1}[n^{2}-(4\lambda )^{2}]}{k!}}

This finding offers a fresh perspective on Mersenne primes through a combinatorial approach.^[2] — Preceding unsigned comment added by ProfMoustafa (talk • contribs) 18:52, 16 October 2024 (UTC) ProfMoustafa (talk) 05:55, 17 October 2024 (UTC)[reply]

^ Ibrahim, M. (2024). Generalizing the Eight Levels Theorem: A Journey to Mersenne Prime Discoveries and New Polynomial Classes. Arab Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 31(1), 32-52.
^ Ibrahim, M. (2024). Generalizing the Eight Levels Theorem: A Journey to Mersenne Prime Discoveries and New Polynomial Classes. Arab Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 31(1), 32-52.

Yao Wins I.I. Rabi Prize

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1_healthytip

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17 October 2024

0

Congratulations to Prof. Norman Yao, the 2025 recipient of the I.I. Rabi Prize in Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics “for pioneering contributions to broad areas of atomic, molecular, and optical physics, including quantum information, metrology, and many-body physics.”

The prize is given by the American Physical Society to outstanding work by mid-career researchers in the field of atomic, molecular, and optical physics. The award was endowed in 1989 in honor of the physicist I. I. Rabi and has been awarded biannually since 1991.

Surface Energy: Definition, Example, and Equation

By

1_healthytip

-

17 October 2024

0

Surface Energy: Definition, Example, and Equation

Surface energy is the energy required to increase the surface area of a material. It arises from the imbalance of molecular forces at the surface compared to those within the material. Molecules inside a liquid or solid are pulled evenly in all directions by neighboring molecules, but at the surface, they are pulled inward because there are no molecules above to balance the forces. It creates surface energy, which acts to minimize the surface area.

Example of Surface Energy

A classic example of surface energy can be seen in how water behaves on a waxed surface, such as a car hood after waxing. When you sprinkle water on the waxed surface, the water forms small, round droplets instead of spreading out. It happens because water molecules are more attracted to each other (cohesion) than to the waxy surface (adhesion).

The spherical shape of the droplets minimizes the surface area of the water exposed to air, thereby reducing the surface energy. In this case, the intermolecular forces of water pull the molecules inward, creating the droplet shape to minimize energy. The waxed surface, which has low surface energy, does not allow the water to spread out. Thus, the formation of droplets is a result of the water trying to minimize its surface energy.

Surface Energy and Wetting

Wetting refers to how well a liquid spreads out or “wets” a solid surface. The interaction between the liquid’s surface energy and the solid’s surface energy determines the degree of wetting. In the case of water on a waxed surface, the surface energy of the wax is low, meaning that the wax does not strongly attract the water molecules. Since the cohesive forces within the water molecules (surface tension) are stronger than the adhesive forces between the water and the wax, the water prefers to stay together in droplets rather than spread out.

On the other hand, if the same water is poured onto a clean glass surface, which has a higher surface energy, the adhesive forces between the water and the glass are stronger. In this case, the water spreads out and wets the glass because the surface energy of the glass encourages the water molecules to stick to it.

This difference in behavior illustrates how surface energy affects wetting: materials with high surface energy tend to be wetted easily, while those with low surface energy repel liquids, leading to the formation of droplets. The contact angle between the liquid and the solid surface measures wetting.

Surface Energy Formula

The formula for surface energy is:

\[ \gamma = \frac{W}{A} \]

Where:

– γ is the surface energy

– W is the work or energy required to create a new surface

– A is the area of the newly created surface

This formula shows that surface energy is the amount of energy required to create a unit area of a new surface. It is a measure of the energy needed to overcome intermolecular forces at the surface. The higher the surface energy, the more energy is required to increase the surface area of the material.

Units and Dimension

Surface energy is typically measured in units of energy per unit area. In the International System of Units (SI), it is expressed in joules per square meter (J/m²). Alternatively, surface energy can also be expressed as newtons per meter (N/m) because one joule is equal to one newton-meter (N·m), and dividing by area gives N/m.

The dimension of surface energy is represented as [M¹L⁰T^–2] or [MT^–2].

Relationship Between Surface Energy and Surface Tension

The relationship between surface energy and surface tension is closely linked, especially in liquids. Both concepts are manifestations of the same physical principle – the imbalance of molecular forces at a surface. However, they are expressed in different ways depending on whether the material is a liquid or a solid.

In Liquid:

Surface tension refers to the force per unit length that acts along the surface of a liquid, causing the liquid to minimize its surface area. Its formula is given by:

\[ \sigma = \frac{\text{F}}{\text{L}} \]

Where:

– σ is the surface tension

– F is the force acting on the liquid surface

– A is the length along which the force acts

It is expressed in newtons per meter (N/m)

On the other hand, the surface energy is:

\[ \gamma = \frac{W}{A} = \frac{\text{F}}{\text{L}} = \sigma \]

Thus, for liquids, surface tension and surface energy are numerically the same and can be used interchangeably.

In Solid:

For solids, surface energy remains, but there is no surface tension in the same sense as in liquids because solids do not flow or change shape easily to minimize their surface area.

Article was last reviewed on Tuesday, October 15, 2024

Why farming fish is more unsustainable than catching them in the wild

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17 October 2024

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Why farming fish is more unsustainable than catching them in the wild

It has been claimed that fish farming is a sustainable source of food that will help us feed the growing global human population while protecting wild fish populations – but this isn’t true.

“Fish farming is not a substitute for catching wild fish out of the ocean,” says Matthew Hayek at New York University. “In fact, it relies on catching wild fish out of the ocean.”

Hayek and his colleagues have shown that the amount of wild fish killed in order to feed farmed fish is between 27 and 307 per cent higher than previous estimates.

Farmed carnivorous fish eat multiple times more weight in wild fish caught from the ocean than is obtained by farming them, says Hayek. For instance, producing a kilogram of salmon may require 4 or 5 kilograms of wild fish.

But catches of wild fish are not increasing alongside the growing demand for farmed fish. “For multiple fisheries, we’re moving towards a scarcity of fish in the ocean,” says Hayek.

The result is that as the aquaculture industry expands, an increasing proportion of the global catch of wild fish is being fed to farmed fish.

This means that people in places such as South-East Asia and West Africa can no longer afford to buy fish because it is worth more as a source of fishmeal and fish oil for farmed fish, says team member Patricia Majluf at the conservation organisation Oceana.

Increasing the proportion of plant-based products in the diet of carnivorous fish, or raising omnivorous or herbivorous fish – such as tilapia, carp and catfish – creates a different set of problems. If plant-based food that could be eaten by people is fed to fish, more land and water is needed to produce food for fish, leading to issues such as deforestation.

“Because those sectors are growing so quickly, we’re now feeding them multiple times more crops from land than we used to,” says Hayek.

“You can’t get away from impacts somewhere as long as you’re eating animals,” he says. “Farming animals requires more resources to raise and grow their bodies than you can get from eating them. That’s a basic fact of biology.”

But farmed shellfish such as mussels, which feed by filtering seawater, are much more sustainable, he says.

There are a number of reasons why Hayek’s team’s estimate for the amount of wild fish required to produce a given amount of farmed fish is so much higher than past assessments. One is that the team used a wider range of sources than previous studies, says Hayek, meaning it is less likely there is any statistical bias.

The team also counted all the fish used to produce fishmeal or fish oil, not just those caught to feed farmed fish.

Finally, the team also estimated the number of fish killed but not brought to market. Unwanted species are often discarded from fishing boats but don’t usually survive. Seine nets are also sometimes left slightly open to let unwanted fish escape, but they are often injured and die.

The conclusion that the amount of wild fish that are killed to feed farmed fish is higher than previous estimates still stands, even disregarding these additional deaths, says Hayek. But counting them adds between 20 and 50 per cent to the total, he says.

“They show that the use of fishmeal and fish oil in aquaculture is more complex than many industry analysts have estimated,” says Stefano Longo at the University of Gothenburg in Sweden. “Fishmeal and fish oil inputs in aquaculture systems have likely been underestimated, and possibly even to a large degree.”

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What Is Biomass? | Different Method of Biomass Conversion

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17 October 2024

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Biomass Conversion What Is Biomass? | Different Method of Biomass Conversion

What Is Biomass?

What Is Biomass.

Biomass is a renewable source of energy obtained from burning wood and other organic materials. Biomass is one the oldest forms of energy & has been used for centuries. It can also be defined as the organic matter that comes from plants and animals.

Biomass mostly consists of stored energy from the sun. Through the process of photosynthesis, the plant absorbs the sun’s energy & converts it into chemicals energy in the form of glucose or sugar. Therefore, when it is burnt, the energy stored in the form of chemical energy is released in the form of heat. Burning is the only way to releases energy into biomass.

Also, Read: What Is Geothermal Energy? | Alternative Energy Sources | Which Are Main Techniques Used to Exploit Geothermal Energy?

Different Method of Biomass Conversion:

In general, biomass-to-energy conversions technologies have to deal with a feedstock that can be highly variable in mass & energy density, size, moisture content & intermittent supply. Therefore, modern industrial technology is often hybrid fossil-fuel/biomass technologies that use fossil fuels for drying, preheating, & maintaining fuel supply when the biomass supply is interrupted.

It can also convert into other forms that are beneficial, such as methane gas and transportation fuels such as biodiesel & ethanol. Methanes gas is an important component of biogas & is obtained from agricultural waste, garbage, and other organic waste, which is decomposed in specially designed digesters. It can also be obtained from landfills.

When crops such as sugarcane or corn are fermented, they create a fuel commonly known as ethanol that is useful for vehicles. When vegetable oils and animal fats are decomposed, biodiesel is obtained, which is commonly used as a transportation fuel. Biomass is considered the building block of biofuels.

Also, Read: What Is Solar Energy Used For? | What Is Good About Solar Energy? | Fun Facts About Solar Energy

Method of Biomass Conversion:

There are currently three types of biomass conversion technologies available that can result in specific energy and potentially renewables products:

1. Direct Combustion Processes

Direct combustion furnaces can be divided into two broad categories & are used to produce direct heat or steam. Dutch ovens, spreader-stokers, and fuel cell furnaces use two stages. The first stage is for drying & possible partial gasification, & the second is for complete combustion.

More advanced versions of these systems used vibrant rotator grates to facilitate ash removals, some of which require water cooling. The second group includes suspension & fluidized bed furnaces commonly used with fine particle biomass feedstocks and liquids.

In suspension furnaces, the particles are burned while being kept in suspension by injection of turbulent preheated air, into which the biomass particles may already be mixed. In Fluidized Bed Combusters, a boiling bed of preheated sand at a temperature of 500 to 900 °C provides the combustions mediums, into which the biomass fuels are either dropped if it is densest enough to sink into the boiling sands or particles or liquids if injected.

Co-Firing:-

Modern practices that have allowed biomass feedstocks an early and cheap entry point into the energy market is the practice of co-firing a fossil fuel, usually coal, with a biomass feedstock.

There are many advantages to co-firing, especially where the power output is output. First, where the conversion facility is located near an agro-industrial or forestry product processing plant, there is a large amount of low-cost biomass residue available.

These residues may represent a low-cost fuel feedstock, although there may be other opportunity costs. Second, it is now widely accepted that fossil-fuel power plants are generally highly polluting in terms of sulfur, CO2, and other GHGs.

The use of existing equipment, perhaps with some modifications, and co-firing with biomass could represent a cost-effective means to meet more stringent emissions targets. The low sulfur and nitrogen relative to coal content of biomass fuels and near-zero net CO2 emission levels allow biomass to offset the high sulfur and carbon content of fossil fuels.

Third, if an agro-industrial or forestry processing plant wants to make more efficient use of residues generated by co-generation electricity, but has a highly seasonal component to its operation schedule, co-firing with fossil fuels would allow economic production—electricity throughout the year.

Agro-industrial processors such as the cane sugar industry can produce large amounts of electricity during the harvesting & processing season; & however, during the off-season, the plants will remain idle. This has two drawbacks; first, it is an inefficient use of equipment that has a limited lifespan, and second, power distribution utilities will not pay the full premium for power supplies that cannot be relied upon for year-round production.

In other words, the distribution utility needs a guarantee of supply throughout the year and, therefore, may have to invest in its production capacity to cover off-season gaps in supply, along with associated costs in equipment and fuel. If, however, agro-processors can guarantee a year-round power supply through the burning of alternative fuels, it will make efficient use of its equipment & receive premium payments for its electricity by the distribution facility.

Also, Read: Types of Measuring Instruments

2. Thermochemical Processes

Thermals biomass conversion processes use heat as the key mechanism to upgrade biomass into better and more practical fuels.

2.1 Pyrolysis

The biomass feedstocks are subjected to high temperatures at low oxygen levels, thus preventing complete combustion, and can be done under pressure. Biomass is degraded into single carbon molecules (CH4 and CO), and H2 is producing a gaseous mixture called “producer gas.”

Carbon dioxide can also be produced, but it is reduced back to CO and H 2 O under the pyrolytic conditions of the reactor; This water further aids in the reaction. Liquid phase products arise from temperatures that are too low to break down all long-chain carbon molecules, resulting in the production of tar, oil, methanol, acetone, etc.

Once all the volatiles is removed, the residual biomass takes the form of char which is virtually pure carbon. Pyrolysis has recently attracted attention for the productions of liquid fuels from cellulosic feedstocks by “fast” & “flashes” pyrolysis in which the biomass has a shorts residence time in the reactor.

A more detailed understanding of the physicals and chemical properties that govern pyrolytic reactions has allowed optimization of the reactor conditions required for this type of pyrolysis. Further work is now focusing on the use of high-pressure reactor conditions to produce hydrogen and on low-pressures catalytic techniques requiring zeolites for alcohols production from pyrolytic oil.

2.2 Carbonization

It is a centuries-old pyrolytic process adapted for the production of charcoal. Traditional methods of charcoal production centered on the use of earthen mounds or covered pits in which the wood is piled. Control of the response situation is often crude and relies heavily on experience.

The conversion efficiency is believed to be very low using these conventional techniques; Depending on the weight, Openshaw estimates that the wood-to-charcoal conversion rate for such techniques ranges from 6 to 12 tons of wood per ton of charcoal. Most of the volatile components of wood are eliminated during carbonization; This process is also called “dry wood distillation”. Carbon accumulates mainly due to a decrease in the level of hydrogen and oxygen in the wood.

Wood undergoes many Physico-chemical changes as the temperature increases. Between 100 & 170 °C, mosts of the water evaporates; Between 170 °C and 270 °C, gases evolve into condensate vapors, CO and CO. These condensed vapors form on-chain carbon molecules pyrolysis oil, which can then be used to produces chemicals or as fuel after cooling & scrubbing.

Between 270 °C and 280 °C, exothermic reactions develop, which can be detected by spontaneously generated heat. The modernization of charcoals production has led to a large increase in production capacity, with large-scale industrial production in Brazil now achieving a capacity of over 30% by weight.

There are three basic types of charcoal making.

Heated internally by controlled combustion of raw materials,
Externally heated fuel using wood or fossil fuels, and
Hot circulating gas retort or converter gas is used for the production of chemicals.

Internally heated charcoal furnaces are the most common form of a charcoal kiln. It is estimated that 10 to 20% (by weight) of the wood is sacrificed, and 60% (by weight) is lost from these kilns due to the exchange and release of gases into the atmosphere. Externally heated reactors allow oxygen to completely exclude and thus largely provide superior quality charcoal.

However, they require the use of an externals fuels source, which can be provided from a “producer gas” once the pyrolysis begins. Recirculating heated gas systems offer the potentials to generate larges quantities of charcoal & related by-products but are currently limited by the high investments costs for large-scale plants.

2.3 Gasification

Due to the high temperature and controlled environment, almost all the raw material is being converted into gas. This happens in two stages. In the first stages, the biomass is partially combusted to produce productive gas & charcoal.

In the second stage, the C02 & H2O produced in the first stage are chemically reduced by charcoal, forming CO & H2. The compositions of the gas are 18 to 20% H2; an equals part CO, 2 to 3% CH4, 8 to 10% CO2, & the remainder nitrogen.

These phases are spatially separated in the gasifiers, with the gasifier design relying heavily on the feedstock characteristics. The gasification requires a temperature of around 800 °C and is carried out in a closed top or open top gasifier.

These gasifiers can be operated at atmospheric pressures or higher. The gas’s energy density is typically less than 5.6 MJ/m3, lower than natural gas at 38 MJ/m3, which provides only 60% of the diesel’s power rating when used in modified diesel engines.

Gasification technology had existed since the turn of the century when coal was extensively gasified in Britain and elsewhere in homes for electricity generation and cooking, and lighting. The gasifier was used extensively for transport in Europe during World War II due to oil shortages, with a closed top design being the predominant one.

2.4 Catalytic Liquefaction

This technology has the potential to produce high-quality products of greater energy density. This product should also require less processing to produces marketable products.

Catalytics liquefactions are a low-temperature, high-pressure thermochemical biomass conversion process performed in the liquid phase. This requires either a catalyst or a high hydrogen partial pressure. Technical problems have limited the opportunities for this technology so far.

Also, Read: What Is a Lathe Tool? | Types of Lathe Tools

3. Biochemical Processes

The use of microbes to produce ethanol is an ancient art. However, in recent times such organisms have been regarded as biochemical “factories” for the treatment and conversion of mosts forms of human-generated organic wastes.

Microbials engineering has encouraged the use of fermentation techniques aerobic and anaerobic for use in the production of energy (biogas) and fertilizer and in the removal of unwanted products from water and waste streams.

Anaerobic Fermentation
Production of methane in landfills
Ethanol Fermentation
Biodiesel

3.1 Anaerobic Fermentation

Anaerobic reactors are commonly used to produce methane-containing biogas from manure (human and animal) and crop residues. They use mixed methanogenic bacterial cultures that are characterized by defined optimum temperature ranges for growth.

These mixed cultures allow digesters to operate over a wide temperature range, i.e. from 0°C to above 60°C. When working well, the bacteria convert about 90% of the feedstock energy content into biogas (containing about 55% methane), an easily usable energy source for cooking and lighting. The sludge produced after the manure passes through the digester is non-toxic and odorless.

In addition, it loses relatively little nitrogen or other nutrients during the digestion process, making it a good fertilizer. In fact, digester sludge has a higher nitrogen content than animal manure left to dry in the field; Many nitrogen compounds in fresh manure evaporate during drying in the sun.

On the other hand, some of the nitrogen in the digested sludge is vaporized, and some of the nitrogens are converted into urea. Urea is more readily accessible by the plant than many nitrogen compounds found in dung, and thus the fertilizer value of sludge may actually be higher than that of fresh dung.

Various types of anaerobic digesters were widely distributed throughout India and China. Extension programs promote biogas plants as ideal candidates for rural use because of their energy and fertilizer production efficiencies as well as their superior health benefits.

The health benefits mainly arise from the cleaner combustion products of biogas, unlike other biomass or fossil fuels that can be used in the domestic environment, with an estimated 5 to 6 million units now in use in these two countries.

The reliability problem has arisen from a number of problems such as manufacturing defects, the mixed nature of bacterial populations, the need for a digester for water, and the maintenance of an optimal nitrogen ratio of the medium. Another problem is the demand for dung from the digester, which may have alternative uses.

Modern designs have addressed many of these problems, and digesters are becoming useful again, especially with regard to the ability of digesters to remove toxic nutrients such as nitrates from the water supply; The levels of which are now more strictly controlled in many industrialized countries.

The combination of energy production with the potential to increase crop yields makes biogas technology a good candidate for more widespread use now to demonstrate reliable operation. Recent Danish business experience with large-scale digesters provides useful examples.

3.2 Methane Productions In Landfills.

Anaerobic digestion in landfills brought about by microbial decomposition of organic matter in waste. The level of organic matter produced per capita varies greatly from developed countries to developing countries. The Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) percentage in Sierra Leone is around 90%, while it is around 60% for US MSW.

The low levels of putrescible in the US MSW are the result of an increased proportion of plastic, metal, and glass, mostly from packaging. The gas generated from landfills is on average half methane and half carbon dioxides with energy contents of 18 to 19 MJ/m3. It is not produced under pressure, and thus the recovery process must be activated.

Commercial production of land gas can also help combat leaching problems now associated with landfill sites. Local communities around landfill sites are becoming more aware of the potential for heavy metals and nutrients to enter the aquifer.

Landfill processing reduces the amount of sludge and nutrient content to be disposed of, facilitating proper disposal. Methane is a potent greenhouse gas, with substantial amounts derived from unused methane production from landfill sites.

Its recovery, therefore, not only results in stabilization of the landfill site, allowing rapid reuse of the land but also helps in reducing the impact of biospheric methane emissions on global warming.

3.3 Ethanol Fermentation

Ethanols is primarily used as a substitute for imported oil to reduce their dependence on imported energy supplies. Substantial gains made in fermentation technologies now produce ethanol for use as an economically competitive given some assumptions and environmentally friendly petroleum substitute and fuel enhancer.

For example, in Brazil, subsidies for alcohol production are now seen as detrimental to the stability of the ethanol market and thus obsolete and made with environmental benefits. The long-term future and expansion of this program made it a priority for the Zimbabwean government.

Sugarcane is the most commonly used feedstock in developing countries due to its high productivity when sufficient water is supplied.

Where water availability is limited, sweets sorghum or cassava may become the preferred feedstock. Other benefits of sugarcane feedstock include high residue energy efficiencies and modern management practices that allow sustainable and environmentally sustainable production while allowing for the sustainable production of sugar. Other feedstocks include saccharide-rich beet, and carbohydrate-rich potatoes, wheat, and maize.

One of the most promising fermentation techniques recently identified is the “bio still” process that utilizes centrifugal yeast reformation and continuous evaporative removal of ethanol.

This allows the fermentation mediums to be continuously sterilized & minimizes water usage. The bio still processes markedly reduces the production of stillage, while the non-stop nature of the fermentation process allows substrate concentrations to be kept consistently at optimal levels, and hence the fermentation efficiency is maximized.

{Hall, 1991} Improved varieties of yeasts produced through clonal selection techniques also have increased tolerance levels to the yeast’s alcohol concentration, again improving efficiency.

3.4 Biodiesel

Vegetable oils have been used for combustion in diesel engines for over 100 years. In fact, Rudolf Diesels tested his first prototype on vegetable oils, which can be used “raw” in an emergency.

While it is possible to run diesel engines on crude vegetable oils, in general, the oils must first be converted to a chemical similar to petroleum-based diesel. Crude oil can be obtained from various annual and perennial plant species. Perennials include oil palms, coconut palms, physical walnuts, and Chinese tallow trees. Annuals include sunflower, peanut, soybean, and rapeseed.

Many of these plans can produce high yields of oil with positives energy & carbon balance. Crude oil conversion is essential to avoid problems associated with variation in the feedstock. The oil may undergo thermal or catalytic cracking, Kolbe electrolysis, or transesterification processes to obtain betters characteristics.

Untreated oil causes problems through incompletes combustion, resulting in a build-up of soot residue, wax, gums, etc. Also, poor atomization of the oil as a result of incorrect viscosity can also result in poor combustion. Oil polymerization can lead to deposits on the cylinder walls. Generally, the chemicals processing required to avoid these problems is simple and can be done at existing petroleum refineries in the case of soybean oils.

The use of diesels-power vehicles is widespread throughout agriculture, & biodiesel offers environmentally friendly CO2-neutral alternatives. It is now widely promoted in the EC & elsewheres, as its use does not require major modifications to existing diesel engines. More about this source textSource text is required for additional translation information.

Also, Read: What Is Lathe Chuck? | Lathe Chuck Types | Different of Lathe Chucks

Advantages of Using Biomass

1. Renewable sources

Biomass is considered a renewable source of energy as compared to other forms of energy. This is mainly due to the raw material that is used, which is available throughout. Its purchase and redevelopment are easy.

2. Cheaper

Productions of biomass energy are comparatively cheaper than fossil fuels. The raw material is available cheaply. Hence the low cost of electricity generation reduces the bills of the common man. This makes biomass energy more attractive.

3. Variety of Products

Biomass energy is versatile as it produces so many products. Biomass can be converted into various forms, presence & absence of oxygens. Some of the byproducts are ethanols, biogas, syngas, bio-oil, and bio-char.

4. Clean Gas

Biomass energy is a clean gas as compared to other forms of energy. Greenhouse gases are not emitted during the combustion of organic matter—minimal pollution results. During the process, less amount of carbon is emitted, which plants absorb for their survival and life cycle.

Also, Read: What Is Dimensioning and Its Types? | What Is Meant by Dimensioning? | Dimensioning | Types of Dimensioning

Disadvantages of Using Biomass

Production of biomass energy requires a continuous and continuous supply of biomass.
In comparison to the input of raw materials, the result is comparatively less.
All raw materials used are waste products that can cause pollution and odor.
Storage and transportation of biogas are difficult due to less advanced technology.
Large space is required for the construction of plants.
Biomass plants require huge investments.
More and more biomass crop is grown, which in turn reduces soil fertility.

To conclude, biomass energy is created by burning or allowing organic matter to decompose. So in this process, the carbon released into the atmosphere is minimal, which is ultimately used by the plants for their life cycle. This is how biomass energy works.

It has more benefits as it is a renewable source of energy that can be easily refilled. If biomass energy is used appropriately and effectively, electricity will soon become a cheap source of energy. More research and technology should be developed to develop biomass energy.

The government should give incentives to start biomass plants. Thus this eco-friendly should be made more popular, which can prove beneficial in the future.

Also, Read: Keyless Remote Battery Is Low | When Does Key Fob Battery Replacing Replacing? | How to Replace a Keyless Remote Battery

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

What Is Biomass Used For?

Biomass can be burned to create heat (direct), converted into electricity (direct), or processed into biofuel (indirect). Biomass can be burned by thermal conversion and used for energy. Thermal conversion involves heating the biomass feedstock in order to burn, dehydrate, or stabilize it.

What Is Biomass Renewable Energy?

Biomass energy is energy generated or produced by living or once-living organisms. The most common biomass materials used for energy are plants, such as corn and soy, above. The energy from these organisms can be burned to create heat or converted into electricity.

Biomass

Biomass is plant-based material used as fuel to produce heat or electricity. Examples are wood and wood residues, energy crops, agricultural residues, and waste from industry, farms, and households.

Bioenergy Energy?

Bioenergy is one of many diverse resources available to help meet our demand for energy. It is a form of renewable energy that is derived from recently living organic materials known as biomass, which can be used to produce transportation fuels, heat, electricity, and products.

Biomass Energy System

Biomass energy is energy generated or produced by living or once-living organisms. The most common biomass materials used for energy are plants, such as corn and soy, above. The energy from these organisms can be burned to create heat or converted into electricity. Photograph by Mary McCabe, My Shot.

Converting Biomass to Energy

Most electricity generated from biomass is produced by direct combustion. Biomass is burned in a boiler to produce high-pressure steam. This steam flows over a series of turbine blades, causing them to rotate. The rotation of the turbine drives a generator, producing electricity.

Advantages of Using Biomass

Some of the advantages of biomass energy are:

Biomass is always and widely available as a renewable source of energy.
It is carbon neutral.
It reduces the overreliance on fossil fuels.
It is less expensive than fossil fuels.
Biomass production adds a revenue source for manufacturers.
Less garbage in landfills.

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Sustainable Solutions: LPC Stands for ESG

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17 October 2024

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Sustainable Solutions: LPC Stands for ESG

Our Vision for Good Governance

LPC’s dedication to ESG principles extends beyond environmental and social sustainability. As discussed in Driving Workplace Excellence and Sustainable Solutions: Harnessing the Power of Laser Technology, we go to great lengths to transform industrial cleaning into a safer process for the environment, the workplace, and communities. In this blog, let’s zoom in on the “G” for “governance” in Laser Photonics’ commitment to ESG principles.

Planning & Accountability

Our decision-making processes are guided by clear policies and a competent board, ensuring an effective corporate structure and ethical governance. For our clients, we have established effective training protocols to ensure safe operations with laser-powered tools.

As a fast-growing public company, we continuously evolve and improve our processes, set new strategic objectives, and strive to improve outcomes. To maintain a competitive edge and the trust we have built, we deem it essential to commit to transparency, accountability, and ethical practices. This commitment encompasses risk assessments, financial controls, record-keeping, tracking progress through various KPIs, and fair competitive practices.

ESG Series

Driving Workplace Excellence: Build an ESG-Centric Workplace

ESG Series

Sustainable Solutions: Harnessing the Power of Laser Technology

Regulatory Compliance

As a design and development company of laser equipment, we adhere to the FDA’s CDRH regulations for lasers to guarantee the highest safety standards. Furthermore, under our DefenseTech product line, we offer certain laser-powered tools that are compliant with TAA – specifically for defense and maritime purposes. We have implemented comprehensive policies to ensure compliance with these standards and regularly review our activities to identify any breaches in this area.

Our laser systems are classified and clearly labeled as either Class I or Class IV laser products under the CDRH guidelines. In Class I laser systems, laser radiation is fully contained inside an enclosure with safe viewing windows. Our Class IV products, which include all the handheld laser systems, must be operated with proper safety eyewear with an optical density of 5 or higher and peripheral vision protection. Additionally, operators must shield the active laser from those in the vicinity.

Lastly, integrating laser technology into industrial processes across various sectors helps our clients improve their standing with environmental protection agencies. Through our work, we aim to reduce the world’s reliance on hazardous chemicals and single-use consumables.

Value for Stakeholders

Recognizing the growing demand for sustainable and ethical practices, LPC is focused on long-term value creation when it comes to both commercial and societal metrics. To build legitimacy with our stakeholders, we have established robust frameworks and allocated resources to prioritize ESG principles. We also strive to deliver the best experience for our clients by actively supporting them in adopting sustainable practices through comprehensive training and support. As the integration of sustainable practices and technologies becomes increasingly critical, LPC will continue to pursue client-centric practices and strengthen relations with external stakeholders.

Visit Invest.LaserPhotonics.com

Transform Surface Cleaning with Portable handheld Laser Technology

Our Commitment

Governance is ultimately the most important element of the ESG equation. After all, it is effective corporate governance that is responsible for and leads to the fulfillment of both the environmental and social parts of the ESG framework. Following the principles of sustainable governance, LPC aspires to grow into a purposeful business and support its community as we move together toward sustainability. Thank you for following this series on embracing sustainability with laser technology. As always, we are committed to prioritizing ESG principles and creating long-term value for our stakeholders.

The post Sustainable Solutions: LPC Stands for ESG first appeared on Laser Photonics.

33Win Chuyển nhượng MU: Tìm hiểu về quá trình chuyển giao thủ sĩ tại Manchester United

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17 October 2024

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33Win Chuyển nhượng MU: Tìm hiểu về quá trình chuyển giao thủ sĩ tại Manchester United

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Thu máy cao nhất cho một cú chuyển nhượng bóng đá thế giới là Đonia Destrope, có giá trị 65M tại Real Madrid từ Florence FC.

- Bạn có thể đăng ký chuyển giao thủ sĩ từ bàn thành trung tâm?

Có thể, nhưng quá trình chuyển giao này có thể rất phức tạp và depending on the player’s position, age, and performance.

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Về cộng đồng
Hoạt động
Bước đầu tiên để tham gia
Câu hỏi thường gặp
Đánh giá từ người chơi

Bước đầu tiên để tham gia

Tìm kiếm và chọn một cộng đồng cá cược thể thao đáng tin cậy.
Đăng ký thành viên và đăng nhập bằng tài khoản và mật khẩu của bạn.
Đọc quy định và chính sách của cộng đồng.
Gửi yêu cầu tham gia nhóm hoặc cuộc thi nếu có.
Tìm kiếm và chia sẻ kinh nghiệm, hướng dẫn, và đánh giá về các trò chơi hoặc trang website cá cược thể thao.
Tham gia cuộc thi hoặc hoạt động nếu có.
Liên kết cộng đồng với mạnh mẽ và chia sẻ tin tức mới nhất về các trò chơi hoặc trang website cá cược thể thao mới.

Câu hỏi thường gặp

1. Làm thế nào để tìm kiếm một cộng đồng uy tín?

Bạn có thể tìm kiếm qua công cụ tìm kiếm trắng sắc hay tìm kiếm trực tiếp trên trang website của các trang cá cược thể thao lớn như Facebook hoặc Reddit. Để tìm kiếm nhanh hơn, bạn có thể sử dụng các từ khóa như “cộng đồng cá cược”, “đội cộng đồng cá cược”, hoặc “thể thao cá cược”.

2. Làm thế nào để đăng ký thành viên?

Bạn cần click vào liên kết “Đăng ký” hoặc “Tham gia” trên website hoặc trang fanpage của cộng đồng, sau đó sẽ có một form đăng ký bạn phải hoàn thiện với thông tin cách yếu.

3. Tại sao mình phải đọc quy định và chính sách của cộng đồng?

Quy định và chính sách của cộng đồng quyền riêng hướng dẫn bạn như thế nào chia sẻ tin tức và chất liệu tin tức, huỷ bán quảng cáo, hoạt động quảng cáo, hoặc vi phạm quy định của cộng đồng hoặc pháp luật.

Đánh giá từ người chơi

“Tốt nhưng lại không có quý khách hoạt động. Tất cả mọi thứ sống theo một chút quá trọng.”
“Điều tạo mình hứng thú nhất là cơ sở hội nghị có liên tục và cộng đồng thị trường. Những cuộc thi hấp dẫn cho phép mình học hỏi hơn trong việc chơi game.”
“Rất thân thiện và hữu ích. Tạo một không gian tương tác hoạt động và giám sát rất tốt.”

Về chúng tôi
Mối quan hệ với các trang casino
Cách sử dụng
Câu hỏi thường gặp
Đánh giá từ người chơi

Cách sử dụng

Bản vẽ sau này sẽ hướng dẫn bạn cách sử dụng chúng tôi:

Truy cập vào trang web của chúng tôi trên trình duyệt internet của bạn.
Chọn một trang casino từ danh sách cung cấp, hoặc tìm kiếm tới trang casino muốn tìm bằng từ khóa.
Đảm bảo rằng trang casino đang được xác minh bởi chúng tôi và đăng kí thành viên trên trang casino.
Sử dụng tổng hợp đánh giá từ người dùng và hướng dẫn cơ bản từ chúng tôi để biết liệu trang casino đáp ứng nhu cầu của bạn.
Nếu bạn muốn liên hệ với trang casino hoặc chúng tôi, bạn có thể sử dụng liên hệ và thông tin liên hệ cung cấp trên trang web.

Câu hỏi thường gặp

1. Tại sao mình phải đăng ký trong trang casino?

Đăng ký trong trang casino là bước quan trọng để bạn có thể đối mặt với một môi trường game hấp dẫn và hạnh phúc. Bạn sẽ có thể đăng ký các thưởng giải, biết được tin tức mới nhất, và có thể giao lưu với cộng đồng người chơi.

2. Tại sao tôi nhận được lưu ưu đãi khi tới qua chúng tôi?

Chúng tôi có hợp tác với những trang casino uy tín để cung cấp cho bạn các lưu ưu đãi và giải thưởng hấp dẫn. Chúng tôi cam kết tìm ra và cung cấp cho bạn các người chơi với hướng dẫn, quảng cáo, và tin tức tốt nhất.

3. Tôi có thể chơi tất cả các trò chơi trần thưởng trên một trang casino duy nhất không?

Vẫn có thể, nhưng có rất nhiều trang casino liệu miền lớn và hầu hết các trò chơi có quá trình chính thức để chơi. Bạn có thể chọn ví dụ những trang casino chính thức nhất và tập trung vào đó để có thể đạt được hiệu quả hơn.

Đánh giá từ người chơi

“Chúng tôi rất hào hứng với chúng tôi. Chúng tôi được hướng dẫn đến rất nhiều trang casino hấp dẫn và có thể chơi mọi thứ trên một nền tạo hữu ích. Dễ dàng và nhanh chóng!”
“Chúng tôi hấp dẫn với chương trình hoạt động của chúng tôi. Thông tin và hướng dẫn rất thụ hướng và giúp tôi giảm giá cao hơn. Sang trọng!”
“Tôi tình cờ vào chúng tôi, nhưng rất hào hứng với dịch vụ hỗ trợ và chính xác. Tôi sẽ giữ liên hệ với chúng tôi!”

Về giải đấu
Thông qua
Bước đầu tiên để theo dõi
Câu hỏi thường gặp
Đánh giá từ người theo dõi

Giải đấu bắt đầu vào năm 1888.
Giải đấu bóng đá Anh là giải đấu quốc gia hạng 1.
Giải đấu bao gồm 12 đội bóng đá, bao gồm Manchester United, Chelsea, Arsenal, và Liverpool.
Giải đấu được phong phúc bởi 31 lịch sử hình thức trong và ngoại phi.

Tìm kiếm giải đấu bóng đá Anh trên trang web Haystack.
Chọn đội bóng đá của bạn yêu thích hoặc muốn theo dõi.
Bấm vào liên kết “Theo dõi” để nhận thông tin mới nhất.
Theo dõi bàn thành để biết được kết quả các trận đấu.

Câu hỏi thường gặp

- Làm thế nào để tìm kiếm giải đấu bóng đá Anh trên Haystack?

Bạn có thể nhập từ khóa “Bóng đá Anh” hoặc “Premier League” vào trang tim kiếm của Haystack.

- Có bao nhiêu đội bóng đá trong giải đấu Bóng đá Anh?

Giải đấu Bóng đá Anh bao gồm 12 đội bóng đá.

- Thời gian bắt đầu và kết thúc của giải đấu Bóng đá Anh?

Giải đấu bóng đá Anh bắt đầu vào tháng Tháng Mười Hai và kết thúc vào cuối tháng Tháng Ba.

Đánh giá từ người theo dõi

“Tôi hấp dẫn với Haystack về việc cho phép tới tới hoàn toàn miễn phí và đơn giản đến mức tốt nhất.”
“Theo dõi bàn thành của tất cả các đội tại Liverpool cũng như việc được cập nhật thông tin mới nhất là rất quý giá cho mình.”
“Haystack cho phép tôi đối mặt với giải đấu Bóng đá Anh một cách rất hữu ích và dễ dàng hơn hẳn so với những cách khác.”

Về kinh nghiệm chơi
Bước đầu tiên để bắt đầu
Cách sử dụng
Câu hỏi thường gặp
Đánh giá từ người chơi

Bước đầu tiên để bắt đầu

Bước 1: Tìm kiếm một trang web uy tín

Đầu tiên, bạn cần tìm kiếm một trang web tài xỉu uy tín và đảm bảo rằng nó là một trang web bảo mật và chất lượng cao.

Bạn có thể tìm kiếm “kinh nghiệm chơi tài xỉu online” trên tìm kiếm Google hoặc tìm đến những trang web nổi tiếng như Betfair, Paddy Power, hoặc Ladbrokes.

Bước 2: Đăng ký tài khoản

Sau đó, bạn cần đăng ký tài khoản tại trang web đã chọn. Nhập thông tin cá nhân của bạn và xác minh tài khoản bằng một số cách:

Qua email
Qua di động
Qua thẻ tín dụng

Bước 3: Học hỏi quy định và luật chời

Trước khi bắt đầu chơi, hãy đọc quy định và luật chời của trang web để đảm bảo bạn đang tuân theo pháp luật.

Cách sử dụng

Bạn có thể sử dụng trang web như sau:

Chọn một trò chơi vào
Cố gắng tìm ra những tài trợ và strategey hữu ích
Đặt cược và chờ kết quả
Rút tiền khi muốn

Câu hỏi thường gặp

1. Tại sao mình nên chọn một trang web uy tín?

Chọn một trang web uy tín để đảm bảo bạn đang chơi một cuộc chủ nghĩa và bảo mật.

2. Tại sao mình nên đọc quy định và luật chời?

Để tuân theo pháp luật và để bảo vệ sự an toàn của mình.

Đánh giá từ người chơi

“Tôi hấp dẫn với kinh nghiệm chời tài xỉu online của bạn, nó luôn có sẵn một lượng lượng thông tin hữu ích và tư vấn miễn phí.”
“Đăng ký tài khoản rất dễ, và chúng tôi rất hào hứng với sự linh hoạt và dễ dàng của trang web.”
“Chúng tôi tìm thấy bản giải mã và tài liệu hữu ích rất hữu ích khi chơi tài xỉu online với kinh nghiệm này.”

Về Juventus
Lịch sử giai đông
Bước đầu tiên để theo dõi
Câu hỏi thường gặp
Đánh giá từ người theo dõi

Lịch sử giai đông

Những gì bạn cần biết về lịch sử Juventus:

Juventus được thành lập năm 1897, tại Thụy Sở, Italy.
Đội bóng đã tham gia Serie A từ năm 1929.
Juventus đã giành cho mình hơn 30 giải Seria A, hơn 10 giải Coppa Italiana, và hai giải Champions League.
Các cường quốc hổ của Juventus bao gồm Alessandro Del Piero, Gianluigi Buffon, và Paolo Rossi.

Tìm kiếm trang web cho phép bạn theo dõi giải đấu Juventus.
Đăng ký thành viên trang web hoặc đăng ký trên mạng xã hội của Juventus.
Đặt yêu cầu để nhận thông tin mới nhất về giải đấu và các cuộc trận đấu.

Câu hỏi thường gặp

- Làm thế nào để theo dõi giải đấu Juventus?

Bạn có thể theo dõi giải đấu Juventus trên trang web hay mạng xã hội của đội bóng đá này.

- Bạn có thể đặt đấu giá vài vị thủ sĩ của Juventus?

Có thể, nhưng bạn cần xác minh rằng bạn đang đăng ký tài khoản trên một trang web uy tín và tuân theo luật pháp của nó. Hãy đặt đấu giá chuyện hợp lí và tuân thủ luật pháp.

- Bạn có thể tạo một trang web riêng để theo dõi bất kỳ giải đấu bóng đá nào?

Có, bạn có thể tạo một trang web riêng để theo dõi giải đấu bangedanh bóng đá bất kỳ. Tuyệt vời!

Đánh giá từ người theo dõi

“Juventus là một trong những đội bóng đá tốt nhất mà tôi đã tìm thấy, và luôn đảm bảo đưa đến cho tôi những thông tin mới nhất về giải đấu.”
“Trang web Juventus luôn tư vấn tốt về cách chơi bóng đá và cung cấp một số kinh nghiệm mình sẽ không tìm thấy ở bất kỳ nơi nào khác.”
“Theo dõi giải đấu Juventus quá nhanh hơn một số trang web khác và tạo ra cho mình một trải nghiệm hấp dẫn.”

Sản phẩm trang thiết bị đá gà
Tính chất
Bước đầu tiên mua sắm
Câu hỏi thường gặp
Đánh giá từ khách hàng

Sản phẩm trang th

The post 33Win Chuyển nhượng MU: Tìm hiểu về quá trình chuyển giao thủ sĩ tại Manchester United appeared first on Toppr-guides.

Draft:Alexander Devrient: Difference between revisions

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German-Lebanese actor, producer and casting director

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Alexander Devrient
Citizenship
Occupation(s)	Actor, casting director, producer
Years active	2010–present
Known for	Doctor Who
Height	1.91 m (6 ft 3 in)
Spouse	Michelle Ronquillo (m. 2022)
Relatives	Freddy Wiegand (brother)
Website	www.alexanderdevrient.com

Alexander Devrient is a german-lebanese actor, casting director and producer. He is know for portraying Colonel Christofer Ibrahim in Doctor Who regurlaly since 2023.

Filmography

As actor

Short films


Year	Title	Role	Notes
2010	Detente	Maurice
2010	We Are What We Drink	Tall Skinny Cap Man
2011	Periphery	Victor
2013	Rendez-Vous	L’homme
2013	Erasure	Paul
2014	Set Point	Thierry
2016	Paradis	Restaurant Manager
	Bristles	Jean-Pierre the Frenchman
	Luminary	Alex
2018	The Devil You Know	Hoffman
2018	The Smell of Petrol	Adil
2022	Help! I’ve stolen Amy Adams’ Nose!	French News Announcer	Voice role

Film

Television

Key
†	Denotes series that have not yet been released

Videogames

Audio


Year	Title	Role	Notes
2018	Tommies	Hubert Cron Paul-Jean Genval	Voice roles; podcast series; 2 episodes

Video


Year	Title	Role	Notes
2015	The Gregg Cain Collection	Unknown	Segment

As producer

Short films


Year	Title	Notes
2019	Gym Patriot

As casting director

Short films

Year	Title	Notes
2019	Gym Patriot

@@ Line 210: / Line 210: @@
 |{{Pending series|[[The War Between the Land and the Sea]]}}
 |Colonel Christofer Ibrahim
 |Main role; 5 episode miniseries<ref>https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/2024/doctor-who-spin-off-russell-tovey-gugu-mbatha-raw</ref><ref>https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/doctor-who-spinoff-the-war-between-the-land-and-the-sea-1236085079/</ref>
 |}